The atmosphere is the air envelope of the Earth, and in order to teach a geography lesson on this topic, there is a good presentation on 6th grade geography, which the World of Geography offered you to download, as usual, for free. During the lesson, 6th grade students learn a lot of interesting things about the atmosphere, about which they seem to be well aware. But in fact, the situation is such that they know about the composition of the air they breathe, but most likely they have not yet heard anything about the stratosphere. Therefore, there is a reason to download the presentation and, based on its slides, show and tell interesting information about the atmosphere.
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What does the atmosphere consist of? and how it works
Do you have a blanket, children?
So that the whole Earth is covered
So that there is enough for everyone,
And besides, it wasn’t visible?
Neither fold nor unfold,
Neither touch nor look?
It would let in rain and light,
Yes, but it seems not?!
Atmosphere - this is the air shell of the Earth
Atmospheric composition
OXYGEN. Oxygen reserves in the atmosphere are replenished by plants.
CARBON DIOXIDE. Carbon dioxide accumulates in the atmosphere as a result of volcanic eruptions, the respiration of living organisms and the combustion of fuels.
WATER VAPOR. Water vapor enters the air due to the evaporation of water.
Carbon dioxide, together with water vapor, “save” the heat of our planet: the atmosphere transmits more energy from the Sun to the earth’s surface than the Earth releases into the surrounding outer space.
OZONE. Ozone is formed from oxygen under the influence of sunlight and electrical discharges. It has a fresh smell, like what we smell after a thunderstorm. There is very little of this gas in the atmosphere, but at an altitude of 20-30 km there is a layer of air with a higher ozone content. It is called the ozone screen. It, like a shield, protects all living things from the destructive radiation of the Sun.
IMPURITIES. In addition to gases, there are also solid impurities in the atmospheric air. These small particles are formed as a result of the destruction of rocks, volcanic eruptions, dust storms, and fuel combustion. On the one hand, they pollute the air, but, on the other hand, without them clouds cannot form.
Troposphere is the lower layer of the atmosphere, extending to a height of 8-10 km above the poles, 10-12 km in mid-latitudes and 16-18 km above the equator.
There are more than 4 / 5 of all atmospheric air. Moreover, more than half of it is concentrated up to a height of 5 km. The air temperature here decreases with height and reaches -55 C at the upper limit. The troposphere contains almost all atmospheric moisture. Clouds form in it, bringing rain, snow, and hail. Here there is a constant movement of air, and wind is formed. Human and plant life takes place in the troposphere.
Stratosphere is a layer of the atmosphere lying above the troposphere up to an altitude of 55 km.
The air in the stratosphere is thinner than in the troposphere. Almost no clouds form in it, since there is very little water vapor. The air temperature here increases with height and is close to 0 °C at the upper limit.
Above the stratosphere, several more atmospheric layers are distinguished, which gradually turn into airless space.
Run the test
1. The atmosphere is a shell
A. Gas
b. Water
V. Salty
2. The lowest layer of the atmosphere:
A. Stratosphere
b. Troposphere
V. Upper atmosphere
Run the test
3. Oxygen in the air contains:
4. In the troposphere are formed:
A. Clouds
b. Ultra-violet rays
V. Groundwater
History of origin The history of the origin and development of the atmosphere is quite complex and long, it dates back about 3 billion years. During this period, the composition and properties of the atmosphere changed several times, but over the past 50 million years, according to scientists, they have stabilized.
The mass of the modern atmosphere is approximately one millionth the mass of the Earth. With height, the density and pressure of the atmosphere sharply decrease, and the temperature changes unevenly and complexly, including due to the influence of solar activity and magnetic storms on the atmosphere. The change in temperature within the atmosphere at different altitudes is explained by the unequal absorption of solar energy by gases. The most intense thermal processes occur in the troposphere, and the atmosphere is heated from below, from the surface of the ocean and land.
Significance It should be noted that the atmosphere is of very great ecological importance. It protects all living organisms of the Earth from the harmful effects of cosmic radiation and meteorite impacts, regulates seasonal temperature fluctuations, balances and equalizes the daily cycle. If the atmosphere did not exist, the daily temperature fluctuation on Earth would reach ±200 °C.
The atmosphere is not only a life-giving “buffer” between space and the surface of our planet, a carrier of heat and moisture, photosynthesis and energy exchange, the main processes of the biosphere, also occur through it. The atmosphere influences the nature and dynamics of all exogenous processes that occur in the lithosphere (physical and chemical weathering, wind activity, natural waters, permafrost, glaciers).
The development of the hydrosphere also largely depended on the atmosphere due to the fact that the water balance and regime of surface and underground basins and water areas were formed under the influence of precipitation and evaporation. The processes of the hydrosphere and atmosphere are closely related.
Slide 2
What is atmospheric pressure?
Air, like all bodies around us, has mass. Scientists have calculated that a column of air presses on the Earth's surface with an average force of 1.03 kg per cm².
Slide 3
For the first time, atmospheric pressure was measured by the Italian scientist E. Torricelli using a mercury barometer. The pressure was determined by the height of the mercury column in the glass tube, which balances the corresponding air column in the atmosphere. And since then it has been customary to measure atmospheric pressure in mmHg.
Slide 4
Now there are more modern barometers, such as the aneroid barometer.
Slide 5
What atmospheric pressure is considered normal? It is generally accepted that atmospheric pressure measured at sea level in mid-latitudes at an air temperature of 0°C is considered normal and amounts to 760 mmHg.
Slide 6
If the readings are lower or higher than normal, then it is customary to say that the pressure is reduced (low) - denoted by the letter H, or increased (high) - denoted by the letter B.
Slide 7
So, what is atmospheric pressure?! Atmospheric pressure is the force with which air presses on the surface of the Earth and on all bodies located on it.
Slide 8
What does air pressure depend on?
As the altitude of the area increases, the pressure decreases. After all, at the same time, the column of air that presses on the surface of the Earth becomes smaller. Accordingly, if we descend into the lowlands, the pressure will increase.
Slide 9
In addition, if the temperature on the Earth’s surface is high, then the air heats up, it becomes lighter and rises - the pressure decreases, and if the air cools, then it becomes heavier and denser, which means it falls down - the pressure increases.
Slide 10
Why does the wind blow?
What happens during the day: - land, buildings on it, and from them the air heats up faster than water; - warm air rises above the land; - pressure over land decreases; - the air above the water does not have time, its pressure is still higher than above the land; - air from an area of higher pressure above the water tends to take place above the land and begins to move, equalizing the pressure. Conclusion: The wind blew from the sea to the land.
Slide 11
At night the opposite happens, i.e. the wind will blow from land to sea. The land and the air above it cools faster, and the pressure over the land becomes higher than over the water. Water cools more slowly, and the air above it remains warm longer. It rises and the pressure over the sea decreases. Such a wind, changing direction twice a day, is called a breeze.
Slide 12
Besides the breeze, there is another wind called monsoon. Its principle of direction of movement is the same as that of a breeze, only on a larger scale. It changes its direction 2 times a year in winter and summer. In summer it blows on land, and in winter on the ocean. This wind can be observed in Russia - the Far East.
Slide 2
The atmosphere (from the Greek atmos - steam and spharia - ball) is the air shell of the Earth, rotating with it. The development of the atmosphere was closely related to the geological and geochemical processes occurring on our planet, as well as to the activities of living organisms.
The lower boundary of the atmosphere coincides with the surface of the Earth, since air penetrates into the smallest pores in the soil and is dissolved even in water.
The upper boundary at an altitude of 2000-3000 km gradually passes into outer space.
Thanks to the atmosphere, which contains oxygen, life on Earth is possible. Atmospheric oxygen is used in the breathing process of humans, animals, and plants.
Slide 3
LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
The atmosphere has a layered structure.
From the surface of the Earth upward these layers are:
- Troposphere
- Stratosphere
- Mesosphere
- Thermosphere
- Exosphere
Slide 4
Slide 5
The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere, the thickness of which above the poles is 8-10 km, in temperate latitudes - 10-12 km, and above the equator - 16-18 km.
The air in the troposphere is heated by the earth's surface, that is, by land and water. Therefore, the air temperature in this layer decreases with height by an average of 0.6 °C for every 100 m. At the upper boundary of the troposphere it reaches -55 °C. At the same time, in the region of the equator at the upper boundary of the troposphere, the air temperature is -70 °C, and in the region of the North Pole -65 °C.
About 80% of the mass of the atmosphere is concentrated in the troposphere, almost all the water vapor is located, thunderstorms, storms, clouds and precipitation occur, and vertical (convection) and horizontal (wind) movement of air occurs.
We can say that weather is mainly formed in the troposphere.
Troposphere
Slide 6
The stratosphere is a layer of the atmosphere located above the troposphere at an altitude of 8 to 50 km. The color of the sky in this layer appears purple, which is explained by the thinness of the air, due to which the sun's rays are almost not scattered.
The stratosphere contains 20% of the mass of the atmosphere. The air in this layer is rarefied, there is practically no water vapor, and therefore almost no clouds and precipitation form. However, stable air currents are observed in the stratosphere, the speed of which reaches 300 km/h.
This layer contains ozone (ozone screen, ozonosphere), a layer that absorbs ultraviolet rays, preventing them from reaching the Earth and thereby protecting living organisms on our planet. Thanks to ozone, the air temperature at the upper boundary of the stratosphere ranges from -50 to 4-55 °C.
Between the mesosphere and stratosphere there is a transition zone - the stratopause.
Stratosphere
Slide 7
The mesosphere is a layer of the atmosphere located at an altitude of 50-80 km. The air density here is 200 times less than at the Earth's surface. The color of the sky in the mesosphere appears black, and stars are visible during the day. The air temperature drops to -75 (-90)°C.
At an altitude of 80 km the thermosphere begins. The air temperature in this layer rises sharply to a height of 250 m, and then becomes constant: at an altitude of 150 km it reaches 220-240 ° C; at an altitude of 500-600 km exceeds 1500 °C.
Mesosphere and thermosphere
Slide 8
In the mesosphere and thermosphere, under the influence of cosmic rays, gas molecules disintegrate into charged (ionized) particles of atoms, so this part of the atmosphere is called the ionosphere - a layer of very rarefied air, located at an altitude of 50 to 1000 km, consisting mainly of ionized oxygen atoms, molecules nitric oxide and free electrons
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Presentation on the topic: Earth's atmosphere: its composition and structure
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The atmosphere (from the Greek atmos - steam and spharia - ball) is the air shell of the Earth, rotating with it. The development of the atmosphere was closely related to the geological and geochemical processes occurring on our planet, as well as to the activities of living organisms. The atmosphere (from the Greek atmos - steam and spharia - ball) is the air shell of the Earth, rotating with it. The development of the atmosphere was closely related to the geological and geochemical processes occurring on our planet, as well as to the activities of living organisms. The lower boundary of the atmosphere coincides with the surface of the Earth, since air penetrates into the smallest pores in the soil and is dissolved even in water. The upper boundary at an altitude of 2000-3000 km gradually passes into outer space. Thanks to the atmosphere, which contains oxygen, life on Earth is possible. Atmospheric oxygen is used in the breathing process of humans, animals, and plants.
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Slide no. 5
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The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere, the thickness of which above the poles is 8-10 km, in temperate latitudes - 10-12 km, and above the equator - 16-18 km. The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere, the thickness of which above the poles is 8-10 km, in temperate latitudes - 10-12 km, and above the equator - 16-18 km. The air in the troposphere is heated by the earth's surface, that is, by land and water. Therefore, the air temperature in this layer decreases with height by an average of 0.6 °C for every 100 m. At the upper boundary of the troposphere it reaches -55 °C. At the same time, in the region of the equator at the upper boundary of the troposphere, the air temperature is -70 °C, and in the region of the North Pole -65 °C. About 80% of the mass of the atmosphere is concentrated in the troposphere, almost all the water vapor is located, thunderstorms, storms, clouds and precipitation occur, and vertical (convection) and horizontal (wind) movement of air occurs. We can say that weather is mainly formed in the troposphere.
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The stratosphere is a layer of the atmosphere located above the troposphere at an altitude of 8 to 50 km. The color of the sky in this layer appears purple, which is explained by the thinness of the air, due to which the sun's rays are almost not scattered. The stratosphere is a layer of the atmosphere located above the troposphere at an altitude of 8 to 50 km. The color of the sky in this layer appears purple, which is explained by the thinness of the air, due to which the sun's rays are almost not scattered. The stratosphere contains 20% of the mass of the atmosphere. The air in this layer is rarefied, there is practically no water vapor, and therefore almost no clouds and precipitation form. However, stable air currents are observed in the stratosphere, the speed of which reaches 300 km/h. This layer contains ozone (ozone screen, ozonosphere), a layer that absorbs ultraviolet rays, preventing them from reaching the Earth and thereby protecting living organisms on our planet. Thanks to ozone, the air temperature at the upper boundary of the stratosphere ranges from -50 to 4-55 °C. Between the mesosphere and stratosphere there is a transition zone - the stratopause.
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The mesosphere is a layer of the atmosphere located at an altitude of 50-80 km. The air density here is 200 times less than at the Earth's surface. The color of the sky in the mesosphere appears black, and stars are visible during the day. The air temperature drops to -75 (-90)°C. The mesosphere is a layer of the atmosphere located at an altitude of 50-80 km. The air density here is 200 times less than at the Earth's surface. The color of the sky in the mesosphere appears black, and stars are visible during the day. The air temperature drops to -75 (-90)°C. At an altitude of 80 km the thermosphere begins. The air temperature in this layer rises sharply to a height of 250 m, and then becomes constant: at an altitude of 150 km it reaches 220-240 ° C; at an altitude of 500-600 km exceeds 1500 °C.
Slide no. 8
Slide description:
In the mesosphere and thermosphere, under the influence of cosmic rays, gas molecules disintegrate into charged (ionized) particles of atoms, so this part of the atmosphere is called the ionosphere - a layer of very rarefied air, located at an altitude of 50 to 1000 km, consisting mainly of ionized oxygen atoms, molecules nitrogen oxides and free electrons In the mesosphere and thermosphere, under the influence of cosmic rays, gas molecules disintegrate into charged (ionized) particles of atoms, therefore this part of the atmosphere is called the ionosphere - a layer of very rarefied air, located at an altitude of 50 to 1000 km, consisting mainly of ionized oxygen atoms, nitrogen oxide molecules and free electrons. Polar lights appear in the ionosphere - the glow of rarefied gases under the influence of electrically charged particles flying from the Sun - and sharp fluctuations in the magnetic field are observed.
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The atmosphere is a mixture of gases consisting of nitrogen (78.08%), oxygen (20.95%), carbon dioxide (0.03%), argon (0.93%), a small amount of helium, neon, xenon, krypton (0.01%), ozone and other gases, but their content is negligible (Table 1). The modern composition of the Earth's air was established more than a hundred million years ago, but the sharply increased human production activity nevertheless led to its change. Currently, there is an increase in CO2 content of approximately 10-12%. The atmosphere is a mixture of gases consisting of nitrogen (78.08%), oxygen (20.95%), carbon dioxide (0.03%), argon (0.93%), a small amount of helium, neon, xenon, krypton (0.01%), ozone and other gases, but their content is negligible (Table 1). The modern composition of the Earth's air was established more than a hundred million years ago, but the sharply increased human production activity nevertheless led to its change. Currently, there is an increase in CO2 content of approximately 10-12%.
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