Test 23. Pressure in liquid and gas. Calculation of liquid pressure on the bottom and walls of the vessel

Ioption

1. What is the main reason that gas produces pressure?

A. the effect of gravity on the gas

B. impact of gas molecules on the walls of the vessel

B. attraction between gas molecules and vessel walls

A.

B.

IN.

3. In vessels of different shapes, liquids of the same density are at the same level. What can be said about the pressure forces of liquids on the bottom of the vessels?

A.

B.

IN.

4. A submarine, moving in the water column, passes under the bottom of an aircraft carrier. What happens to the water pressure on the hull of the boat?

A. decreases as the aircraft carrier displaces some of the water above the boat

B. increases, as the pressure produced by the aircraft carrier is added to the water pressure

V. does not change

5. Water is poured into the cup. The bottom area of ​​the cup is 25 cm2. The height of the water column is 5 cm. What pressure does the water exert on the bottom of the cup?

A. 1.25 kPa B. 500 Pa C. 1.25 Pa

6. A small fish swims in a lake at a depth of 30 m. The area of ​​her body is 20 cm 2. With what force does the water squeeze the fish?

A. 0.6 kN B. 60 N C. 200 N

IIoption

1. What is the main reason that there is pressure inside a liquid?

A. the effect of gravity on the liquid

B. random movement of liquid molecules

B. high density of the liquid

2. What can be said about the fluid pressures at points 1, 2, 3

3. What determines the pressure of the liquid at the bottom of the vessel?

A. from the area of ​​the bottom of the vessel

B. from the shape of the vessel and the area of ​​​​its bottom

B. on the density and height of the liquid column

4. The sea turtle under water completely hid in the shell. What happened to the water pressure on the turtle's body?

A. increased, since the pressure produced by the shell was added to the pressure of the water

B. decreased, since a shell appeared between the body of the turtle and the water

V. has not changed

5. What is the pressure produced by water on the bottom of a conical vessel? The area of ​​the bottom of the vessel is 100 cm 2 , the height of the water column is 20 cm, the density of water is 1000 kg/m 3 .

6. Determine the height of the fuel truck tank if the gasoline with which it is completely filled produces a pressure equal to 10.5 kPa at the bottom. The density of gasoline is 700 kg / m 3.

A. 1 m B. 1.25 m C. 1.5 m

Rendezvous with Mr. Eisenhower

The Mediterranean was soaked with death - NATO anti-submarine weapons continuously scanned the water column, the air hummed from the base patrol aircraft. The Americans were clearly preparing for some important event.

But the Soviet diesel-electric submarine S-360 had its own task - to reach Gibraltar in a submerged position, secretly infiltrate the combat maneuvering area of ​​the Roosevelt aircraft carrier, determine the composition of its security ships and, after successfully completing the task, return safely to the base in Vlora Bay ( Albania). The opinion of the NATO anti-submarine forces of the Soviet sailors was not interested.

We got to Gibraltar normally - part of the time we moved on batteries, and when the situation allowed, we surfaced to the periscope depth and “striped” on the surface with a snorkel. Diesels were chirping, greedily swallowing precious air, the battery was being charged in order to power the submarine at great depths all the next day. They spotted an aircraft carrier, turned back. On the 18th day of the campaign, they received a radiogram: a squadron headed by the flagship of the Sixth Fleet, the heavy cruiser Des Moines, was coming towards them. Be alert. Good luck!

There was a revival at the C-360 Central Post - according to all calculations, it is impossible to avoid a meeting. Maybe we can get as close to the Des Moines as the situation allows, and record the background noises of the cruiser?

In reality, everything turned out differently: skillfully maneuvering between escort ships, the boat, according to acoustic data, reached the distance of a torpedo attack, another second - and a torpedo salvo would overturn a 20,000-ton cruiser into the depths of the sea ... The commander of the S-360 submarine wiped cold sweat from his forehead - the noise of propellers Des Moines (CA-134) was quiet somewhere in the distance… And if you really had to?

The Americans obviously felt something was wrong - an hour later, the destroyers abandoned to search spotted the S-360, an exhausting chase began. The commander of the S-360, Valentin Kozlov, later recalled: “If I commanded a nuclear-powered ship, I would give thirty knots and disappear into the sea without a trace. But I had a diesel-electric submarine with a four-node course. For three days they pursued the S-360, bombarded us with explosives and sonar pulses, forcing us to surface. Only in the area of ​​​​the island of Lampedusa did they manage to break away ... When they returned to the base, they could not peel off the upper wheelhouse hatch. For a month in salt water, he got so attached to the coaming that he had to work with a sledgehammer.

The reason for the fury of the Americans, with which they pursued the lone diesel, became clear later: US President Dwight Eisenhower was on board Des Moines (CA-134).

Rendezvous with MISS ENTERPRISE

Task for suicide bombers. At that time, the Soviet K-10, a nuclear submarine with first-generation cruise missiles, was thrown in front of the American aircraft carrier group. The situation was complicated by the lack of accurate target designation: the data on the coordinates of the target transmitted to the boat were out of date by a day. A storm was raging over the Pacific Ocean and there was no way to clarify the position of the AUG. The boat had problems in the turbine compartment - the K-10 could not maintain full speed for more than 36 hours. And yet it was decided to go ...

In the South China Sea, Soviet sailors were waiting for the unsurpassed Miss Enterprise - a nuclear super-aircraft carrier with 80 aircraft on board, accompanied by their "fighting girlfriends" - the nuclear missile cruisers Long Beach, Bainbridge, Trakstan. A first-class squadron that, 4 years before the events described, completed a non-stop circumnavigation through all the oceans of the Earth.

Captain Nikolai Ivanov led his nuclear-powered ship in complete ignorance of what awaits them at the calculated point of intersection of courses. Maybe a splash of heavy waves, or maybe a firestorm of anti-submarine torpedoes from AUG ships. It was 1968, just a month ago, the Soviet submarine K-129 disappeared without a trace in the Pacific Ocean. You can't circle over the grave of your comrades and not think about it...

K-10 was helped by chance - even a hundred miles before the supposed “rendezvous” point of the electronic intelligence system, the submarines spotted the desperate negotiations of the Americans - the commanders of the cruisers and destroyers continuously reported to the flagship about how the tropical typhoon Diana was tearing and crippling their ships. 10-meter waves rage on the surface, even here, at a depth, the powerful breath of the ocean was felt. Ivanov understood: this is their chance!

The 115-meter steel fish boldly rushed to the target, focusing on the sounds of sonar American ships. AUG reduces speed to 6 knots! - it means that the boat will not have to develop high speed, therefore, its noise will decrease. Moving at six knots, the Soviet submarine will become undetectable to the AUG anti-submarine defense systems. Anti-submarine aviation can also not be feared - not a single aircraft will be able to rise from the deck of the Enterprise in such weather.

They completed the task. As if mocking the super-aircraft carrier, Soviet sailors walked under its bottom for 13 hours. If there was an order to destroy, the “roaring cow” could shoot the aircraft carrier and its escort point-blank, and then disappear as suddenly as it appeared.

GOLD FISH. THREE LAST WISHES

A Russian submarine has been detected, bearing one hundred and twenty, distance forty-seven!

- Contact lost!

“Another submarine, bearing one hundred and fifty, range thirty-two.

- Contact lost!

- Oh shit! Third, bearing seventy, distance fifty-five.

October 1971 on the calendar. A "wolf pack" of Soviet submarines pursues the American aircraft carrier "Saratoga" in the North Atlantic.

All ships of the formation, increase the speed to full!

— The frigate Knox! Bearing to noise. Full move. Fulfill!

- There is a complete one.

The anti-submarine frigate breaks formation and tries to drive away the invulnerable Soviet nuclear-powered ship. But where is the clumsy "Knox" with its 27 knots to the "Goldfish"! The boat circulates at 40 knots and is already on the other side of the aircraft carrier ...

The second Russian submarine is on the port side!

The American sailors did not understand that they were pursued by a single K-162 submarine - a high-speed underwater killer of project 661 (code "Anchar"). By the end of the day, the carrier group stopped all attempts to break away from the pursuit and returned to its previous course. " gold fish”spun a little more around the aircraft carrier and melted without a trace in the water column.

The fate of the Saratoga aircraft carrier hung in the balance at that moment - if the Soviet boat had an order to destroy, it would have “decided” all the AUG ships in a couple of minutes and sped off into the distance at 44 knots of its full speed.

K-162 - nuclear submarine of project 661 "Anchar". She set the hitherto unbroken underwater speed record of 44.85 knots. (≈83 km/h)! Titanium case, experimental reactor with metal coolant. Armament - 10 Amethyst supersonic anti-ship missiles, 4 TA caliber 533 mm. The cost of the boat was 2 billion rubles in 1968 prices. A real goldfish!

ANTENNA THEFT

October 31, 1983, US Navy training ground in the Sargasso Sea. The McCloy anti-submarine frigate glides along the waves, and a secret antenna of a TASS (Towed Array Surveillance System) hydroacoustic station, capable of detecting Soviet submarines within a radius of hundreds of miles, drags behind it on a kilometer cable.

Under the bottom of the McCloy frigate, the Soviet nuclear-powered ship K-324 has been following for 14 hours, Soviet sailors are studying with interest the characteristics of the new US Navy anti-submarine system. Everything is going as usual, but suddenly the McCloy changes course...

The Central Post K-324 received a report about the increased vibration of the strong hull of the boat. The emergency protection of the turbine worked, the K-324 lost its course. Quickly surfaced, looked around. The horizon is clear. The weather is rapidly deteriorating. Behind the stern of the boat stretches a piece of some long cable ... It seems that something has wound around the propeller. An attempt to get rid of the damned cable ended in failure - the cable turned out to be so strong that not a single tool could take it.

Meanwhile, the commander of the frigate "McCloy" was tearing his hair out. The damned storm cut off the TASS antenna! But then they will ask him.

In the morning, the floating boat was discovered by American destroyers. To their surprise, behind the stern of the emergency Soviet K-324 dangled a secret sonar that had gone missing the day before. The commander of the destroyer "Peterson" contacted the Russian submarine via VHF, offering assistance in freeing the coiled cable, but received a categorical refusal: to allow a potential enemy on board? It's out of the question!

That “Antenna Episode”! Standing idle K-324, escorted by USS Peterson. Between the two warships is a Soviet communications vessel (reconnaissance) SSV-506 "Nakhodka"

Having received a refusal, the destroyers moved on to active operations: maneuvering dangerously around a stationary submarine, they tried to chop off the ill-fated cable with screws all day. Naturally, they didn't succeed. Realizing that the Americans could take the boat by storm, the K-324 crew prepared the nuclear-powered ship for an explosion just in case.

The next day, the second part of the “Marleson ballet” began: trying to remove the secret sonar, the American nuclear submarine Philadelphia “dipped” under the unfortunate K-324 - a couple of awkward movements - and part of the cable caught on the steering wheel of the Philadelphia. Two irreconcilable opponents were bound by one chain! After a day of forced joint navigation, the armored cable-rope finally burst and the Philadelphia joyfully sailed away, carrying a piece of cable with a secret sonar capsule on its hull. Alas, the 400 meters of the low-frequency antenna were still tightly wound around the K-324 screw.

When the sea rescuer Aldan, who arrived at the scene, started the tow rope, shots rang out - in impotent anger, the Americans began to shoot the cable from machine guns. The nuclear-powered ship was towed to Havana, where a secret antenna cable was removed using a special tool. That same night, a military transport aircraft with fragments of the American TASS antenna flew to Moscow.

WHO YOU ARE? NAME YOURSELF!

The last volleys of NATO naval exercises died down, satisfied admirals gathered in the wardrooms, preparing to celebrate “in combat” results achieved. The navies of the Western countries showed brilliant training and high combat capability. The personnel of the ships acted boldly and decisively, during the exercises they showed personal courage and courage. All air, surface and underwater targets of the “probable enemy” were discovered, taken for escort and conditionally destroyed. For success, gentlemen!

What's happened? Alarm in the combat control center. An unidentified ship got in touch, it looks like it wants something. But, damn it, where could he even come from in the middle of a NATO naval exercise area?

Nuclear submarine K-448 "Tambov" of the Russian Navy requests help - there is a patient on board. As it turns out during the dialogue, one of the submariners has complications after the removal of appendicitis, an urgent operation is required.

"Pike" proudly emerges among the ships of the navies of NATO countries. With great care, the injured sailor is taken aboard the British destroyer Glasgow, from where he is sent by helicopter to land to the hospital. The Russian "Pike" politely says goodbye to the whole honest company, sinks, and ... contact is lost!

It happened on February 29, 1996. The British press burst into a stream of caustic irony against Her Majesty's fleet, some analysts compared the K-448 "Tambov" with the German submarine U-47, which 55 years before the events described boldly broke into the British naval base of Scapa Flow and committed a cruel pogrom.

CABLE IN THE SEA OF Okhotsk

One of the most mystical joint operations of the CIA and the US Navy is considered to be the “hacking” of an underwater communication cable at the bottom of the Sea of ​​​​Okhotsk, which connected the Krashenikovo submarine base and the Kura missile range with the mainland - the Americans were very interested in the results of tests of Soviet ballistic missiles, as well as accurate information about the combat service of the Soviet submarine fleet.

In October 1971, the Khelibat nuclear submarine with equipment for special operations quietly penetrated the territorial waters of the USSR. Slowly moving along the coast of Kamchatka, the Americans examined the signs on the coast and, finally, good luck - they noticed a sign prohibiting any underwater work in this place. A controlled underwater robot was immediately released, with the help of which it was possible to see a thick 13-centimeter cable at the bottom. The boat moved away from the shore and hung over the cable line - four divers fixed the data pickup equipment. Having received the first interception data, the Khalibat headed for Pearl Harbor.

USS Halibut was launched in 1959 as an underwater carrier of cruise missiles. In 1965, she underwent a conversion, turning into a boat for special operations. She examined sunken ships and submarines, looked for fragments of Soviet ballistic missiles at the bottom of the ocean, and "hacked" underwater communication lines. Fierce baby!

A year later, in August 1972, the Khalibat returned to the Soviet shores again. This time on board was a special device "Cocoon" weighing six tons with a radioisotope thermoelectric generator. Now the Americans could "take" data from a secret communication cable on the seabed for years. In the summer of 1980, the same "bug" appeared on a cable in the Barents Sea. The Americans “burned out” quite by accident - during the next trip to the “object” in the Sea of ​​​​Okhotsk, the submarine mistakenly fell on the ground with its entire hull and crushed the cable.

THERE ARE THEY, SUBS!

The most invulnerable and destructive naval weapon in the history of naval warfare. Trust in submarines is so great that they are entrusted with the "honorable" role of the gravediggers of Mankind: a nuclear submarine can operate secretly in the depths of the sea for months, and its weapons can incinerate all life on several continents.

Until now, there are no reliable systems to counter these "sea devils" - with proper crew training, a modern nuclear submarine can slip unnoticed through all security systems and perform any task right under the nose of an unsuspecting enemy. If the nuclear submarine went into battle, the enemy can safely buy brooms and order a coffin for himself. As they say, the ascent will show!

The first combat submarine "Dolphin" served as a prototype for the further development of domestic ships of this class until 1917. The building was experimental in nature and had no great combat value, but was the beginning of the development of domestic underwater shipbuilding.

Submarines in the Russian Empire

The history of submarine shipbuilding in the Russian Empire begins with an attempt by the carpenter Efim Nikonov to create a "hidden ship" in 1718. A few years later, the prototype was tested in the presence of Peter I in the galley yard. During the descent, the bottom of the submarine was damaged. The Admiralty Board ordered the work to stop, and the inventor to be sent to Astrakhan to work in his specialty.

In the following century, the construction of submarines was not carried out, but interest in underwater navigation remained. This is confirmed by the fact that in 1825, in the Moscow Telegraph magazine, under the heading "New Inventions and Discoveries", articles were published detailing the foreign inventors of submarines. In response to this, an article by V. Berch "On the invention of submarines in Russia in 1719" appeared. It was the first printed work on the history of Russian submarine shipbuilding.

The submarine of K. Schilder was built in 1843. The further period (before the invention by I. Bubnov and M. Beklemishev of the project of the Russian submarine "Dolphin") was characterized by the exceptional interest of Russian society in the creation of the first submarines. Engineers, military officers, scientists, illiterate peasants, high school students, and foreign citizens turned to high-ranking officials every now and then to the engineering department and the Naval Ministry, to high-ranking officials. Some ideas were subsequently realized, but there were, of course, more technically illiterate and untenable proposals.

The first Russian submarine

At the end of the nineteenth century, the military command and the top leadership of the Russian Empire came to the conclusion that it was necessary to introduce submarines into the fleet. The option of buying weapons abroad or creating a submarine fleet on their own was considered. By that time, the companies of Lack and Holland had achieved success in the USA, in France several submarines were built by the inventors Romatzotti, Gube, Zede, and Italian submarines were being built. In Russia, there were no outstanding specialists in this field.

The most successful work on the design of submarines in those years was carried out in the United States. In 1900 Russian government negotiated the possible construction of boats for Russia by the American firm of John Holland. The Americans set a condition - the purchase of at least ten boats. This turned out to be unacceptable, so the planned cooperation fell through.

Russian submarine development

In 1900, the Maritime Department organized a commission that dealt with the development of the project. The chief inspector N. Kuteinikov included in the commission senior assistant in shipbuilding I. Bubnov, senior mechanical engineer I. Goryunov, lieutenant in electrical engineering M. Beklemishev. The commission needed to study foreign experience and develop a submersible vessel for coastal defense.

History of design and construction

Work on the prototype was carried out in the Experimental Shipbuilding Basin. The project was secret. To reduce costs, engineers reduced the size of the boat whenever possible. The expected immersion depth is 50 meters with an increased margin of safety. To ensure streamlining, a spindle-shaped design was chosen.

In May 1901, I. Bubnov reported on the completion of the development, and a few days later the committee reviewed the project and recognized that construction could begin immediately. The design commission was immediately transformed into the Construction Commission in the same composition. The order for the construction of the hull was issued to the Baltic Shipyard in St. Petersburg.

The first submarine "Dolphin" was built on a specially equipped slipway of the Baltic Shipyard. Profile and sheet steel was supplied from the Putilov plant, cylinders (air) were manufactured by the Obukhov steel plant. Batteries and electric motors ordered in France.

Experience of foreign colleagues

An electrical engineer was sent on a business trip to the United States to get acquainted with the submarines being built at the Holland shipyard. He was given permission to participate in a trial dive. Upon returning from a business trip, Beklemishev reported that the Russian submarine Dolphin (photo above) is not inferior to foreign counterparts. Moreover, some Russian solutions have no analogues abroad.

Enrollment in the lists of the fleet

The crew was formed in early 1902 through the selection of volunteers. It was decided to make the staff similar to Holland's production submarines: the ship's commander and his assistant, quartermasters (eight people), two helmsmen, two machinists and four mine experts.

The Dolphin submarine was included in the lists of the fleet in March 1902. According to the results of trial tests, it became necessary to find an alternative to the engine, for which the engineer visited a factory in France. The Daimler engine was finally adopted. On the first sea trials, the Dolphin submarine reached a speed of five knots.

Design and specifications

The spindle-shaped hull of the Dolphin submarine was made of high-strength steel (8 mm thick) and designed for a depth of up to 50 m. Three tanks were used for diving: in the bow, in the central part of the hull, at the stern. The drainage system consisted of a piston electric pump and a small manual pump.

Progress was provided by a 300 hp gasoline engine. With. The total fuel supply reached 5.3 tons. A rowing electric motor with a capacity of 120 liters. With. was placed coaxially with the petrol one. Electric batteries were placed in the bow on special racks. Fifty cells with a total capacity of 5,000 A/h were envisaged, but in fact, sixty-four cells (3.6 thousand A/h) were installed.

Due to the cheapening of the design, the Dolphin submarine turned out to be very cramped. Comfortable living conditions for the crew were not the original goal. Shields made of wood, covering the batteries, could serve as a rest. In the bow there were three sockets for connecting an electric kettle, a coffee pot and a portable electric stove. The supply of drinking water is 20 buckets.

The main armament of the Dolphin submarine was external torpedo tubes of the 1898 model. The armament was placed in pairs, was directed along the course of movement and was closer to the stern. Management was carried out using special drives from the inside.

Service in the Baltic, Pacific and North

In 1904, the Dolphin submarine officially received this name. Prior to this, the development was listed under the code name "Destroyer No. 150". During the first lessons with the crew, the submarine sank near the factory wall. The reason for this was the untimely closing of the wheelhouse hatch and the inadequate reaction of the crew to the ingress of water. Of the thirty-six people, twenty-four could not be saved. The accident happened due to design features.

The first exit to the sea after repairs took place in 1905. "Dolphin" patrolled the waters of the Pacific Ocean, but there were no meetings with Japanese ships. In May, ventilation was carried out on the Dolphin to carry out repairs, but an explosion occurred and the submarine sank. One soldier was killed. Repair of the submarine "Dolphin" ended after the end of the Russo-Japanese War.

In 1916, the submarine arrived in Arkhangelsk. Later, the Dolphin submarine was transferred to Aleksandrovsk. In September, he arrived at the disposal of the fleet based on the Arctic Ocean, and was included in its composition. In 1917, the Dolphin submarine was enrolled in a detachment of ships to patrol the Kola Bay.

In 1917, due to careless watch keeping during a storm, the submarine sank. In the same year, the submarine was disarmed due to the wear and tear of most of the mechanisms. The hull was handed over to the port for cutting into metal. Parts of the submarine were finally disposed of only in 1920.

Submarines of project 667-BDRM "Dolphin"

Project 667-BDRM began to be developed in September 1975. The general designer was S. Kovalev. The project used developments in the field of detection and control systems, weapons, noise reduction equipment. Sound-absorbing and vibration-isolating devices have been actively used.

Project 667 submarine design

Submarines of the project 667-BDRM "Delfin" in comparison with their predecessors (submarines of the Kalmar project) have an increased height of the armament shafts fencing, increased aft end and bow length. In general, the project has a classic layout for submarines of this class. The development used new propellers with improved features. The water flow was leveled by a special device.

As part of a project in different years several submarines were developed, so that technical features differ. The surface speed of the Dolphin submarines is 14 knots, the underwater speed is 24 knots. The maximum immersion depth is limited to 550-650 meters, the working depth is 320-400 m. Submarines are capable of autonomous navigation for 80-90 days. The crew is 135-140 people.

Armament: peaceful and combat use

The R-29RS intercontinental missiles, which had an increased firing range, became new weapons. All missiles could be launched in one salvo. Submarines of the Dolphin project regularly took part in firing practice and made trips. As a rule, the exercises were carried out in the waters of the Barents Sea. The target was the Kura test site in Kamchatka (several hundred kilometers from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky).

Project 667BDRM Delfin submarines carried out two launches of artificial satellites into near-Earth orbits. In 1998, for the first time in the world, the Tubsat-N satellite was launched from a submerged position.

Submarines of the Dolphin project: representatives

Submarines "Dolphin" (667) are the basis of the strategic nuclear triad Russia. Gradually, the ships transfer this role to the submarines of the Borey project. Among the submarines of the project, one can list: K-51 "Verkhoturye", K-64 "Podmoskovye" (converted into a carrier of ultra-small submarines), K-84 "Yekaterinburg", K-114 "Tula", K-407 "Novomoskovsk", K -117 "Bryansk", K-18 "Tula".

The submarine of the Verkhoturye project made a trip to the Arctic with combat missiles on board, and made an ascent at the North Pole. The K-84 submarine got its name after the establishment of the patronage of the administration of the city of Yekaterinburg over it. The cruiser "Bryansk" became the thousandth among the submarines built at Russian shipyards. So, each submarine of this series has its own story.

Since 2012, the Dolphins have been actively rearming. As of the current year, Bryansk is being re-equipped, while Karelia and Novomoskovsk are waiting in line. In the near future, it is planned to re-equip all submarines of Project 667BDRM Dolphin. Rearmament will significantly extend the service life of submarines (until 2025-2030). All active cruisers of this class are now part of the thirty-first division of submarines, based in Yagelnaya Bay.

RC submarine

The Dolphin M10 submarine is produced by children's toy companies. This is not a toy analogue of Russian development. At the same time, the Mioshi Dolphin M10 submarine will be an excellent gift for a child (from six years old) who is interested in the submarine fleet. On the example of such a toy, you can tell young designer the principle of movement of submarines and general design features. Perhaps the child will someday think about the career of an engineer and make a discovery that is important for ensuring the power of the national fleet.

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