Labor activity

Labor activity is a multifaceted phenomenon. Various aspects of work have become the subject of study in several social sciences.
From point of view economic science labor is considered as a planned, conscious activity with the goal of processing what nature provides into consumer goods. Economics studies labor as one of the factors of production, examines the mechanism of action of economic laws in the sphere of labor, labor costs at all stages of the production cycle, and the relationship between wages and its results. Psychology studies the psyche of the worker, the distinctive personality traits of workers, the formation of work attitudes and motives of behavior, the psychophysiological characteristics of various types of work activity. Legal scholars study problems related to the legal status of workers, legal registration labor relations between employees and employers, labor protection. Sociology considers labor activity as a relatively rigidly fixed in time and space, an expedient series of operations and functions performed by people united in production organizations. The sociology of labor studies the structure and mechanism of social and labor relations, as well as social processes in the world of work. Philosophy conceptualizes labor as the process of people creating conditions and means of existence, in which human strength, skills, and knowledge are embodied. For philosophy, it is important to determine how a person who realizes himself in work manifests himself in this process.
The sciences that study labor are in many cases closely related and often overlap. Comprehensive knowledge about such a phenomenon as labor can only be provided by its comprehensive research, which combines the efforts of various sciences. The content of this paragraph integrates some results of the study of labor activity by the social sciences, mainly sociology.

The needs and interests of people are the basis that determines the purpose of work. Labor in the proper sense of the word arises when human activity becomes meaningful, when a consciously set goal is realized in it - the creation of material and spiritual values ​​necessary for people's lives. In this way, work activity differs from educational activity, aimed at acquiring knowledge and mastering skills, and gaming activity, in which it is not so much the result that is important, but the process of the game itself.
Sociologists characterize work activity, regardless of the method, means and results, in a number of ways: general properties.
Firstly, a set of labor operations, prescribed to be performed at certain workplaces. In each specific type of work activity, labor operations are performed, which include various work practices, actions and movements. (What types of labor are you familiar with? What operations and techniques are used in them?) As a result of the introduction of new technology and modern technologies to content labor process The relationship between physical and mental labor, monotonous and creative, manual and mechanized, etc. changes.
Secondly, work activity is characterized by a set of corresponding qualities of subjects of labor activity, recorded in professional, qualification and job characteristics. Let us remind you that qualifications should not be equated with professionalism. It is a necessary but not sufficient condition for effective work. To become a professional, a person needs to gain experience, he must be characterized by commitment, self-discipline, business integrity, and responsibility.
Thirdly, work activity is characterized material and technical working conditions. To achieve a goal in work activity, as in any other activity, various means are used. These are, first of all, various technical devices necessary for production, energy and transport lines and other material objects, without which the labor process is impossible. All of them together make up facilitieslabor. During the production process there is an impact on subject of labor i.e., on materials undergoing transformation. For this purpose they use various ways which are called technologies. For example, you can remove excess metal from a workpiece using metal-cutting equipment, but using the electric pulse method allows you to achieve a similar result 10 times faster. This means it will increase 10 times labor productivity.(Think about what labor productivity depends on and whether it is always connected only with a person’s desire.)
The modern technical base of enterprises is a complex combination of different types of labor tools, therefore there is a significant differentiation in the level of technical equipment of labor. This entails its significant heterogeneity. A large number of workers are engaged in monotonous, uncreative work. At the same time, many perform work that requires active mental activity, solving complex production tasks.
Fourthly, work activity is characterized by the method of organizational, technological and economic connection subjects of labor with the means and conditions of their use. The most important feature of people’s work activity is that it usually requires jointefforts to achieve your goals. However, collective activity does not mean that all members of the team creating a product do the same work. On the contrary, there is a need division of labor, due to which its effectiveness increases.
It is obvious that the work of an entrepreneur, characterized by a high degree of independence and financial liability for the decisions he makes, differs from the nature of the work of an employee, who, under the terms of the employment agreement, is obliged to carry out the orders of production managers. (From this point of view, think about how individual work activity is characterized.)

Fifthly, labor activity is characterized by the structure of organization and management of the labor process, norms and algorithms that determine the behavior of its participants. In particular, the concept is very important disciplines. Normal work activity is impossible without the voluntary, conscious observance by each employee of the rules and procedures of behavior in the team, which are mandatory for all its members. Labor laws and internal regulations labor regulations require productive use of working time, conscientious performance of their duties, High Quality work. Fulfillment of these requirements is labor discipline.
Modern production requires adherence to a certain technological regime (material processing methods, speed, temperature, pressure, etc.), which ensures the achievement of the production goal, i.e., obtaining a product with specified quality indicators. Everyone knows that if, for example, the strength of the fire in the stove is not adjusted, the product in the frying pan may not fry, but burn. Strict compliance with technological standards is called technological discipline.
When enterprises are interconnected by an agreement defining, for example, the supply of raw materials, semi-finished products, parts, components for the production of a finished product, strict adherence to the terms of the agreement is called contractual discipline. Failure to comply with it causes a disruption in the work rhythm of the enterprise, failures in the well-functioning production activities many people.
Compliance with rules, norms, contracts, orders, and instructions from production managers is also called diligence. But performance is impossible without initiative. In fact, having received an order, a person must think about how best to carry it out. It is impossible to provide for all situations that arise in the labor process in rules, orders, and instructions. The employee must find in specific conditions optimal solution, allowing him to fulfill the instructions given to him efficiently and on time. Initiative And diligence interconnected. A thoughtless performer is a bad worker. On the contrary, initiative is evidence of high professionalism.
In sociology, labor is considered using the concepts of “content of labor” and “nature of labor.” Contents of work depends on the characteristics of a particular type of labor, determined by the subject of labor, means of labor, the totality of operations performed by the employee, their relationship and interrelation; on the relationship between executive and management functions, as well as control, monitoring and equipment adjustment functions; on the degree of predetermination of actions, independence, level of creative capabilities, etc. A change in the composition of necessary operations and the ratio of labor functions means a change in the content of labor. The main factor of this change is scientific and technological progress.
Modern technological processes presuppose the maximum intellectualization of labor (imagine the work of a nuclear power plant operator or a pilot of a modern airliner), such an organization where the individual is not reduced to a simple performer of individual operations. In other words, we are talking about a change in the content of labor, which is modern stage scientific and technological progress can become more diverse, more creative.
The nature of work represents the relationships between participants in the labor process, affecting the attitude of workers to work and its productivity.
Great importance have working conditions. They include the degree of danger or safety of the object and means of labor, their impact on the health, mood and performance of a person. Potentially dangerous factors are physical (noise, vibration, increase or decrease in temperature, ionizing and other radiation), chemical (gases, vapors, aerosols), biological (viruses, bacteria, fungi).
Particularly harmful, extreme working conditions (for example, coal mining in mines) are dangerous due to the possibility of severe occupational diseases, serious injuries, and major accidents involving loss of life.
Plays a big role work culture. Researchers identify three components in it. Firstly, it is the improvement of the working environment, i.e. the conditions in which the labor process takes place. Secondly, this is the culture of relationships between labor participants, the creation of a favorable moral and psychological climate in the work team. Thirdly, the participants in the work activity understand the content of the labor process, its features, as well as the creative embodiment of the engineering concept embedded in it.
Labor activity is the most important field of self-realization in the life of any person. It is here that a person’s abilities are revealed and improved, it is in this area that he can establish himself as an individual.

What is work activity? The science that studies labor activity Characteristics of labor activity 1. Psychology 2. Sociology 3. Economics 4. Law 5. Philosophy Psychology studies the psyche of the worker, the distinctive personality traits of workers, the formation of work attitudes and motives of behavior. Sociology views labor activity as an expedient series of operations and functions performed by people united in production organizations. Economic science: labor is considered as a planned, conscious activity with the aim of processing what nature provides into consumer goods. Jurisprudence: legal status of workers, legal registration of labor relations between employees and employers, labor protection. Philosophy comprehends labor as the process of people creating conditions and means of existence, in which human strength, skills, and knowledge are embodied. Bottom line: comprehensive knowledge about such a phenomenon as labor can only be provided by comprehensive studies of it, in which the efforts of various sciences are combined.

Set of labor operations Set of relevant qualities of subjects of labor activity (personal qualities, professional) Material and technical working conditions (equipment of labor, subject, technology). Methods and technologies for connecting labor subjects with the means and conditions of their use. A system of division of labor based on joint efforts. The structure of the organization and management of the labor process, the norms of behavior of its participants (discipline).

LABOR AS A TYPE OF HUMAN ACTIVITY 1. Subject of labor. 2. Means of labor. 3. The set of operations performed. 4.Independence. 5. Level of creativity, etc. 1. relations between participants in the labor process, affecting the attitude of workers to work and its productivity. Labor activity is the most important field of self-realization in the life of any person. “CONTENT OF WORK” “NATURE OF WORK”

HUMAN FACTOR OF PRODUCTION HUMAN FACTOR is the broadest designation of the entire set of properties of an employee (qualifications, motives of behavior, interests, consciousness, culture, etc.). Scientific and technological progress causes a change in the role of man in the production process Read paragraph 1 and write down how the role of man changes in the production process of the 21st century

The ratio between physical and mental labor changes significantly; high demands on the employee’s personality; emotional stress and mental stress increase; The role of such moral qualities of the individual as a sense of responsibility, self-discipline, and self-control increases. Scientific and technological progress causes a change in the role of man in the production process NEW QUALIFICATION REQUIREMENTS

Abstract thinking and the ability to freely use the language of computer science Knowledge of some general education disciplines exceeding the average level Ability to analyze, systematize, think logically, present the results of work Universal educational activities. The ability to constantly learn.

SOCIAL PARTNERSHIP (S.S.) is a type public relations between social groups, strata, classes, their public associations, authorities and business, the basis of which is the achievement of agreement on the most important areas of socio-economic and political development. (U.S) is a system of relationships between organs state power, representatives of workers and employers, entrepreneurs, based on equal cooperation.

Work is an activity aimed at human development and the transformation of natural resources into material, intellectual and spiritual benefits. Such activity can be carried out either under coercion, or out of internal motivation, or both.

Sociological functions of labor:

Socio-economic function consists in the impact of labor subjects (workers) on objects and elements natural environment(resources) with the aim of converting them into objects to satisfy the needs of members of society, that is, into material goods and services.

Productive function is to satisfy people's need for creativity and self-expression. Thanks to this function of labor, new objects and technologies are created.

Social structuring function labor lies in the differentiation and integration of the efforts of people participating in the labor process. On the one hand, assigning different functions to different categories of participants in the labor process leads to differentiation and the creation of specialized types of labor. On the other hand, the exchange of results of labor activity leads to the establishment of certain connections between different categories of participants in the labor process. Thus, this function of labor contributes to the creation of socio-economic ties between different groups of people.

Social control function labor is due to the fact that labor organizes a complex system of social relations, regulated through values, norms of behavior, standards, sanctions, etc., which constitute a system of social control of labor relations. This includes labor legislation, economic and technical standards, charters of organizations, job descriptions, informal norms, a certain organizational culture.

Socializing function labor is associated with the fact that work expands and enriches the composition of social roles, patterns of behavior, norms and values ​​of workers, which allows people to feel like full participants in public life. This function gives people the opportunity to acquire a certain status, a sense of social belonging and identity.

Social development function labor is manifested in the impact of the content of work on workers, teams and society as a whole. This is due to the fact that as the means of labor develop and improve, the content of labor becomes more complex and updated. This process is due to the creative nature of man. Thus, there is an increase in requirements for the level of knowledge and qualifications of employees in almost all industries modern economy. The function of employee training is one of the priority functions of personnel management in a modern organization.

Social stratification function labor is a derivative of social-structuring and is associated with the fact that the results of various types of labor differently are rewarded and valued by society. Accordingly, some types of work activities are recognized as more, and others - less important and prestigious. Thus, labor activity contributes to the formation and maintenance of the dominant value system in society and performs the function of ranking participants in labor activity according to ranks - steps of the stratification pyramid and the ladder of prestige.

Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that labor activity determines a number of interrelated social and economic phenomena and processes in modern society. The study allows us to identify the most effective ways to manage an organization.

Main categories of labor science

• complexity of work;
• professional suitability of the employee;
• degree of worker independence.

The first sign of labor content is complexity. It is clear that the work of a scientist is more difficult than the work of a turner, and the work of a store director is more difficult than the work of a cashier. But to justify the measure of remuneration for various types of labor, their comparison is required. To compare complex and simple labor, the concept of “labor reduction” is used. Labor reduction is the process of reducing complex labor to simple ones to determine the rate of remuneration for labor of varying complexity. With the development of society, the share of complex labor increases, which is explained by an increase in the level of technical equipment of enterprises and requirements for the education of workers.

Differences between complex work and simple work:

• the employee performs such functions of mental work as planning, analysis, control and coordination of actions;
• concentration of active thinking and purposeful concentration of the employee;
• consistency in making decisions and actions;
• accuracy and adequate reaction of the employee’s body to external stimuli;
• fast, agile and varied labor movements;
• responsibility for work results.

The second sign of labor content is professional suitability. Its influence on labor results is determined by a person’s abilities, the formation and development of his genetic inclinations, successful choice of profession, conditions for the development and selection of personnel. Significant role in professional selection play special methods for determining professional suitability.

The third sign of labor content is degree of employee independence- depends both on external restrictions associated with the form of ownership, and internal ones, dictated by the scale and level of complexity of the work. Reducing restrictions in decision making while increasing the level of responsibility means greater freedom of action, creativity and the possibility of an informal approach to solving problems. The independence of an employee acts as a criterion for the level of self-awareness of a developed personality, his measure of responsibility for the results of his work.

Nature of work as a category of labor science represents the relationships between participants in the labor process, which affect both the employee’s attitude towards work and labor productivity. From the point of view of the nature of labor, a distinction is made between, on the one hand, the work of an entrepreneur and, on the other hand, hired, collective or individual labor. The work of an entrepreneur characterized by a high degree of independence in decision-making and its implementation, as well as a high degree of responsibility for the results. Wage labor- this is the work of an employee called upon, under the terms of the agreement, to perform official duties in relation to the employer.

Modern labor science

Modern science on labor includes a number of basic disciplines:

1. traditionally includes problems of labor productivity and efficiency, labor resources, labor market and employment, income and wages, headcount planning, problems of labor regulation.
2. Personnel economics examines the behavior of employees when they perform job responsibilities. The discipline studies the influence of various factors on labor productivity.
3. Occupational medicine— studies work-related factors that can cause injury, illness or other harm to a worker’s health.
4. Physiology of labor explores the functions of the human body in the labor process: the physiology of the motor system, the development and training of labor skills, performance and its regulation, sanitary and hygienic working conditions, the severity of labor.
5. Labor psychology explores the demands on the human psyche associated with his attitude to work.
6. Personnel Management studies the problems of workforce planning, selection, training and certification of personnel, labor motivation, management styles, relationships in labor collectives, management procedures.
7. Sociology of labor studies the impact of workers on society and vice versa - society on the worker.
8. Pedagogy of labor How science views issues of employee training.
9. Ergonomics studies the organization of the process of adapting means of labor to the characteristics, capabilities and limits of the human body.
10. Labor management studies the basics of designing workplace labor processes. Issues such as identifying personnel needs, recruiting and selecting personnel, engaging employees, releasing them, developing, controlling personnel, i.e. are considered. management, coordination and communication of work structuring, remuneration policies, participation in success, personnel cost management and employee management.
11. Safety explores a complex of problems related to ensuring safe work activities.
12. Labor law analyzes a complex of legal aspects of labor and management. This is especially important when hiring and firing, developing reward and punishment systems, solving property problems, and managing social conflicts.

Fundamentals of modern labor economics

Labor Economics— studies economic patterns in the field of labor relations, including specific forms of manifestation of the essence of labor, such as organization, payment, efficiency and employment.

Object studying labor economics is labor - purposeful human activity aimed at creating material wealth and providing services.

Subject of labor economics- socio-economic relations that develop in the labor process under the influence of various factors - technical, organizational, personnel and other nature.

Purpose Labor economics are studies in the field of human resource management.

home task labor economics - the study of the essence and mechanisms of economic processes in the sphere of labor in the context of human life and society.

Ways to improve work efficiency

One of the most important elements in increasing the efficiency of a person’s work activity is the improvement of skills and abilities as a result of labor training. From a psychophysical point of view, industrial training is a process of adaptation and corresponding changes in the physiological functions of the human body for the most effective performance of a specific job. As a result of training, muscle strength and endurance increase, the accuracy and speed of working movements increase, and physiological functions are restored faster after finishing work.

Rational organization of the workplace

Rational organization (ensuring a comfortable posture and freedom of labor movements, using equipment that meets the requirements of ergonomics and engineering psychology) ensures the most effective, reduces fatigue and prevents the risk of occupational diseases. Besides, workplace must meet the following requirements: availability of sufficient work space; sufficient physical, auditory and visual connections between man and machine; optimal placement of the workplace in space; permissible level of harmful production factors; availability of means of protection against hazardous production factors.

Comfortable working position

A comfortable working posture of a person during work ensures high efficiency and productivity. A comfortable working position should be considered one in which the employee does not need to lean forward more than 10-15 degrees; bending back and to the sides is undesirable; The main requirement for a working posture is an upright posture.

The formation of a working posture in the “sitting” position is influenced by the height of the working surface, determined by the distance from the floor to the horizontal surface on which the labor process is performed. The height of the working surface is set depending on the nature, severity and accuracy of the work. A comfortable working posture when working “sitting” is also ensured by the design of the chair (size, shape, area and inclination of the seat, height adjustment).

High performance and vital activity of the body are supported by a rational alternation of periods of work and rest.

Rational work and rest regime

Rational work and rest regime- this is the ratio and content of periods of work and rest in which high labor productivity is combined with high and stable human performance without signs of excessive fatigue for a long time. This alternation of periods of work and rest is observed at various periods of time: during a work shift, day, week, year in accordance with the operating mode of the enterprise.

The duration of rest during a shift (regulated breaks) depends mainly on the severity of the work and the conditions of its implementation. When determining the duration of rest during working hours, it is necessary to take into account the following production factors that cause fatigue: physical effort, nervous tension, pace of work, working position, monotony of work, microclimate, air pollution, air ion composition, industrial noise, vibration, lighting. Depending on the strength of the influence of each of these factors on the human body, the time for rest is set.

The intra-shift work and rest regime should include a lunch break and short rest breaks, which should be regulated, as it is more effective than breaks that occur irregularly, at the discretion of the employee.

Short rest breaks are designed to reduce fatigue developing during work.. The number and duration of short-term breaks are determined based on the nature of the labor process, the degree of intensity and severity of work. The reference points for establishing the beginning of rest breaks are the moments of decreased performance. To prevent its decline, a rest break is scheduled before the body becomes fatigued. In the second half of the working day, due to deeper fatigue, the number of rest breaks should be greater than in the first half of the shift. Physiologists have found that for most types of work optimal duration break 5-10 minutes. It is this break that allows you to restore physiological functions, reduce fatigue and maintain a working attitude. With deep fatigue, it is necessary to follow both the line of increasing the number of breaks and increasing their duration. But short breaks lasting more than 20 minutes disrupt the already established state of work.

Rest can be active or passive. Active rest is recommended for work that takes place in unfavorable conditions labor. The most effective form of active recreation is industrial gymnastics. Active rest speeds up the recovery of strength, since when changing activities, the energy expended by a working organ is restored faster. As a result of industrial gymnastics, the vital capacity of the lungs increases, the activity of the cardiovascular system improves, and muscle strength and endurance increase.

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Content

Introduction
1. Human labor activity
1.1 Specifics of work activity
1.2 Material production
1.3 Labor as a type of human activity
1.4 The role of labor in the development of society
2. Modern worker
3. Problems of humanization of labor
Conclusion
Bibliography
Application
Introduction

Labor is the main, historically primary type of human activity. Labor is the subject of study of various social sciences. Yes, from the point of view economy labor is considered as a planned, conscious activity with the goal of processing what nature provides into consumer goods. Economics studies labor as one of the factors of production, examines the mechanism of action of economic laws in the sphere of labor, labor costs at all stages of the production cycle, and the relationship between wages and its results. Psychology studies the psyche of the worker, the distinctive personality traits of workers, the formation of work attitudes and motives of behavior, the psychophysiological characteristics of various types of work activity. Prabbis scholars study problems related to the legal status of workers, legal registration of labor relations between employees and employers, and labor protection. Sociology considers labor activity as a relatively rigidly fixed in time and space, an expedient series of operations and functions performed by people united in production organizations. Sociology of labor explores the structure and mechanism of social and labor relations, as well as social processes in the world of work. Philosophy conceptualizes labor as the process of people creating conditions and means of existence, in which human strength, skills, and knowledge are embodied. For philosophy, it is important to determine how a person who realizes himself in work manifests himself in this process.
Thus, the concept of “labor” is of decisive importance in characterizing society as a whole and its individuals. Therefore, there is no doubt about the relevance of this topic.
Purpose of the work: study and generalize issues on the topic of work activity. Why it is necessary: ​​consider the basic concepts on the topic; characterize labor as a type of human activity; identify the peculiarities of the work of modern man and identify the problems of humanization of work.
The work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.
1. Human labor activity
From the history course we know what role labor played in the formation and historical development of man and society. What role does work play in the life of a modern person, in the formation of his personality?
1.1 Specifics of work activity

Activity is the active interaction of a living being with the surrounding world, during which it purposefully influences an object and thereby satisfies its needs.
Every activity includes a goal, the means to achieve it, actions aimed at achieving the goal, and the result (Fig. 1).
Figure 1 - Areas of activity
An integral characteristic of activity is its awareness. Activity is the real driving force of social progress and the condition for the very existence of society (Fig. 2).
Figure 2 - Characteristics of activities
Main forms of activity: a game; educational activities; work activity; leisure. Highest form activity is labor.
Work- a fundamental form of human activity, in the process of which the entire set of objects necessary for him to satisfy his needs is created.
1. 2 Material production

Labor activity of people material production process- represents one of the forms of human activity aimed at transforming natural world and creation of wealth.
This is a necessary condition for the life of society, since without food, clothing, housing, electricity, medicine and many different items that people need, society cannot exist. Various services are just as necessary for human life; it is impossible to imagine life, for example, without transport or household services. Bogolyubov, L.N. Human and society. Social science. Textbook for students. 10 grades / Ed. L.N. Bogolyubova, A.Yu. Lazebnikova. - M.: Education, 2002. - P.186. When they say"material production" then they mean that there is and immaterial (spiritual) production . In the first case, this is production of things , for example, televisions, appliances or paper are produced. In the second - this(more precisely, spiritual values). - actors, directors created a TV show, a writer wrote a book, a scientist discovered something new in the world around him. The difference between them is created Pproduct.
Result of material production - a variety of items and services. But this does not mean that human consciousness does not participate in material production. Any activity of people is carried out consciously. Both the hands and the head are involved in the process of material production. In modern production, the role of knowledge and qualifications increases significantly.
Nature gives us only very little in ready-made form; even wild fruits and berries cannot be collected without difficulty; Without significant effort, it is impossible to take coal, oil, gas, and wood from nature. In most cases, natural materials undergo complex processing. Thus, production appears as a process of active transformation of nature by people (natural materials) in order to create the necessary material conditions for their existence. Ibid. - P.186.
To produce any thing, three elements are needed: an object of nature from which this thing can be made; the means of labor with which this production is carried out; purposeful activity of a person, his work. Hence, material production There is the process of human labor activity, as a result of which material goods are created aimed at satisfying human needs.
1. 3 Labor as a type of human activity

The needs and interests of people are the basis that determines the purpose of work. Purposeless pursuits of anything have no meaning. Such work is shown in the ancient Greek myth of Sisyphus. The gods doomed him to hard work - rolling big Stone on mountain. As soon as the end of the path was close, the stone broke off and rolled down. And so again and again. Sisyphean labor is a symbol of meaningless work.
Work in the truest sense of the word occurs when human activity becomes meaningful when a consciously set goal is realized in it. The meaning of work is in achieving certain results, in creation material and spiritual benefits.
To material benefits include food, clothing, housing, transport, equipment, services, etc. To spiritual benefits include achievements of science, art, ideology, etc.
Labor is the main form of life of society and in this way, work activity differs from educational activity, aimed at acquiring knowledge and mastering skills, and gaming activity, in which it is not so much the result that is important, but the process of the game itself. When performing labor functions, people interact, enter into relationships with each other, and it is labor that is the primary category that contains all the diversity of specific social phenomena and relationships. Social labor changes the position of various groups of workers, their social qualities, which reveals the essence of labor as a basic social process. Most complete social essence labor is revealed in the categories of “nature of labor” and “content of labor” (Appendix 1).
In the process of work, constantly straining one’s physical and spiritual strength, overcoming the resistance of the forces of nature, solving increasingly complex goals, the person himself continuously develops. Thus, labor not only created man, but also constantly develops and improves him, i.e. a person is the subject and product of his labor activity.
Work activities are characterized by:
- Use and production of tools, their preservation for later use; purposefulness of labor processes.
- Subordination of labor to the idea of ​​the product of labor - a labor goal, which, as a law, determines the nature and method of labor actions.
- The social nature of work, its implementation in conditions of joint activity.
- The focus of work on transforming the external world. The production, use and preservation of tools, the division of labor contributed to the development of abstract thinking, speech, language, and the development of socio-historical relations between people.
- Productive nature of work; labor, carrying out the production process, is imprinted in its product, i.e. there is a process of embodiment, objectification in the products of people’s activities of their spiritual powers and abilities. Thus, the material, spiritual culture of humanity is an objective form of embodiment of the achievements of the mental development of humanity.
To achieve the goal in work, various means are used: various technical devices necessary for production; energy and transport lines; other material objects without which the labor process is impossible. All of them together make up means of labor. During the production process there is an impact on subject of labor, i.e. on materials undergoing transformation. Various methods are used for this, called technologies. For example, you can remove excess metal from a workpiece using metal-cutting equipment, but using the electric pulse method allows you to achieve a similar result 10 times faster. This means that labor productivity will increase 10 times. It is determined by the amount of time spent on a unit of production.
So, the elements in the structure of labor activity are distinguished (Fig. 3): Ibid. - P.18.
1) consciously set goals - production of certain products, processing of natural materials, creation of machines and mechanisms, etc.;
2) objects of labor - those materials (metal, clay, stone, plastic, etc.) towards the transformation of which people’s activities are aimed;
3) means and tools of labor - all devices, instruments, mechanisms, appliances, energy systems with the help of which objects of labor are transformed;
4) technologies used - techniques and methods used in the production process.
Figure 3 - Structure of work activity
To characterize work activity, the following parameters are used: Klimenko A.V. Social studies: Textbook. manual for schoolchildren Art. class and those entering universities": / A.V. Klimenko, V.V. Romanina. - M.: Bustard; 2004. - P.20.
1) labor productivity - the amount of products produced per unit of time;
2) labor efficiency - the ratio of material and labor costs, on the one hand, and the results obtained, on the other;
3) level of division of labor - distribution of specific production functions between participants in the labor process (on a societal scale and in specific labor processes).
In each specific type of labor activity, labor operations are performed, which are divided into labor techniques, actions and movements. Depending on the characteristics of a particular type of work, determined by the subject of labor, the means of labor, the totality of operations performed by the employee, their correlation and interrelation, on the distribution of functions (executive, registration and control, observation and adjustment) in the workplace, we can talk about content of individual work. It includes the degree of diversity of labor functions, monotony, predetermined actions, independence, level of technical equipment, the ratio of executive and managerial functions, level of creative capabilities, etc. A change in the composition of labor functions and the time spent on their implementation means a change in the content of labor.
The concept of “content of individual labor” can be presented in the form of the following diagram (Fig. 4).
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Figure 4 - Content of individual labor
Depending on the role of the employee in the production process, functions should be distinguished: Dikareva A.A. Sociology of labor / A.A. Dikareva, M.I. Mirskaya. - M.: graduate School, 1989. - P.110.
1) energy when the worker sets the means of labor in motion;
2) technological - observation and control of the movement of objects and means of labor with the adjustment and regulation of equipment;
3)managerial related to production preparation and management of performers
The main factor determining the change in labor functions is scientific and technical progress.

1.4 The role of labor in the development of society

The role of labor in the development of man and society is manifested in the fact that in the process of labor not only material and spiritual values ​​are created that are intended to meet people’s needs, but also the workers themselves develop, acquiring new skills, revealing their abilities, replenishing and enriching knowledge. The creative nature of labor finds its expression in the birth of new ideas, the emergence of progressive technologies, more advanced and highly productive tools, new types of products, materials, energy, which, in turn, lead to the development of needs.
Thus, the consequence of labor activity is, on the one hand, the saturation of the market with goods, services, and cultural values, and on the other, the progress of production, the emergence of new needs and their subsequent satisfaction.
The development and improvement of production has a beneficial effect on the reproduction of the population, increasing its material and cultural level. This is the ideal diagram of the impact of labor on a person and society, which is presented in Fig. 5.
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Figure 5 - Schematic role of labor in the development of man and society
However, these processes are strongly influenced by politics, interstate and interethnic relations. But, nevertheless, the general trend in the development of human society is directed towards the progress of production, growth of material well-being and cultural level of people, awareness of human rights as highest value on the ground.
What kind of employee should be who matches his character? modern production? We will consider this issue in the next chapter.
2. Modern worker

The division of labor and its complication leads to the assignment to an individual of a certain profession that requires special knowledge and skills, and special qualifications. Based on the performance of homogeneous labor functions, specific professions are formed, united by a common name (for example, turner, driver, livestock specialist, doctor, teacher, etc.).
The nature of the requirements for a participant in labor activity depends on many factors, primarily on the specific content of labor and place in the system of division of labor. General requirements are:
1) the employee must master all the techniques and methods of production that make up technological process(requirement professionalism);
2) the employee’s qualifications cannot be lower than the level determined by the nature of the work. The more complex the work, the higher the requirements for special training of a participant in the labor process (requirement qualifications);
3) the employee is required to unconditionally comply with labor laws and internal labor regulations, compliance with the specified parameters production process, fulfillment of duties arising from the content employment contract(labor, technological, performance, contractual requirements disciplines).
Mastery, skill, and literacy in performing the labor functions of a certain profession are called professionalism. When a job is done well, it is often said that it was done professionally. If a person allows defects in his work, then they speak of unprofessional work. Professionalism is the result of training and work experience.
Scientific and technological progress increases the role of skilled labor, which requires special professional training, knowledge, skills and abilities to perform complex work. Qualification employee is confirmed by a document confirming the rank, category, or rank assigned to him. Anyone who wants to earn more must make an effort to obtain higher qualifications. It is easier for a qualified worker to find a good job.
To characterize work activity, an idea of ​​qualifications is not enough. The concept is also very important disciplines.
Normal work activity is impossible without the voluntary, conscious observance by each employee of the rules and procedures of behavior in the team, which are mandatory for all its members. Labor laws and internal labor regulations require productive use, etc.................

Stages of the professionalization cycle

Topic 2.3 Theory of personnel professionalization

1. Labor as a type of activity
2. Stages of individual development of a person as a subject of labor
3. Level of maturity and personality development in the working-age period of individual human development

5. Contradictions and crises of professional development of the individual

Each specific type of work activity is implemented in a certain regulatory approved (the most effective, economical) way. In the process of mastering a profession, a person turns this prescribed method into an individual, unique way of activity, reflecting in it his personal characteristics, including psychological ones. The internal, intimate side of mastering a profession is the formation, based on the individual qualities of the subject of labor psychological system of activity as a set of mental properties, qualities of the subject of labor, organized to perform the functions of a specific activity.

The development of the psychological system of activity occurs both in the process of professional training of the subject of labor, and during the subsequent formation of a professional and his improvement. The formation of this system means the inclusion in the process of mastering the activity of the subject’s professionally significant functional blocks, their objectification (filling them with substantive content), orientation towards the implementation of specific work functions, as well as the establishment and consolidation of relationships between individual blocks.

The structural diagram of the functional blocks of the psychological activity system includes the following components:

Motives of activity, its driving forces (material, cognitive, aesthetic, etc.);

The goals of the activity, which form its content and are expressed in specific expected results;

Activity programs that reflect ideas about its real content and process;

The information basis of an activity is a set of information about its subject and subjective conditions of implementation (in the form of both real signals and images, representations of these signals, including specific professional knowledge);

Decision-making processes - identifying a problem situation, putting forward hypotheses (solution options), determining the decision principle, developing judgments about solution options, evaluating them (selecting the most optimal option);

Psychomotor processes and work actions implement activity in the form of procedures, motor acts and participate in the regulation of activity (according to the mechanism feedback);

Professionally important qualities- psychological characteristics of the subject of labor, reflecting the influence of a specific labor process on a set of individual psychological qualities and functions.

When discussing the development of a person as a subject of labor activity, we are interested in activity as a psychological concept. Labor in the psychological sense is an activity the result of which is a socially valuable product. Labor, according to E.A. Klimova (1998), is characterized by four essential features:

1 work is focused on a given socially valuable result;

2. work is regulated by social norms, rules and traditions;

3. tools that have cultural and historical origins and methods of use are used in work;

4. in work, people enter into special production relations with each other.

Profession- this is a set of forms of activity, united by related features of the object, content, means, organization, result of labor and requirements for the preparation of the subject of labor. This concept reflects different levels and different aspects of specific types of work activity:

Object and subject of labor, its content, conditions and organization;

Target function and nature of the result of labor;

Features of the subject of labor - his knowledge, skills, abilities, abilities;

Economic and social aspects - employment, satisfaction of material needs, approval of social status;

A type of activity characteristic of a set of people united by a common focus and engaged in a single subject area.

Speciality - is a specific form of activity that is characterized specific features goals, process, means of labor and professional training of the subject of labor. The concept of “specialty” is usually used to characterize a relatively private and more specific type of activity (within a profession), which reflects the possibility of a more or less fractional division of labor (for example, profession - doctor, specialty - therapist, surgeon, ophthalmologist, etc.).

Professionalization - this is formation specific types labor activity of a person (person) based on the development of a set of professionally oriented characteristics (psychological, physiological, behavioral, work), providing the function of regulating the formation and improvement of the subject of labor.

Professional - This is a specialist in a certain field of work who has achieved the required level of skill to effectively perform the prescribed tasks. From the standpoint of the psychological characteristics of this concept, a professional is a subject of labor whose professionally important individual psychological characteristics for a specific activity, firstly, correspond to the requirements of this activity (from the point of view of the possibilities for their implementation), and secondly, represent a relatively stable ( for certain conditions) and a flexible structure and, thirdly, ensure the formation and implementation of the operational (subject-oriented) sphere of the individual, which determines the required level of labor efficiency.

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