Lesson No. 8/2 “Structure and components of modern production”
Goals: reveal the concepts of material and intangible spheres of production; give students the opportunity to see with their own eyes the work of an industrial enterprise and study its structure.
During the classes
I. Lesson organization
II
1. What is an industry?
2. What industries and areas of professional activity exist?
3. What objects of labor exist?
4. What are means of labor?
5. What is a product?
III. Learning new material.
The concept of “production” is very capacious. This is a transformative process, and a separate production enterprise, and in some cases, production acts as a socio-economic phenomenon that covers the entire set of characteristics of human production activity.
Let's look at a diagram of modern production (copy from the manual)
The sphere of material production includes all industries that produce or deliver material goods to consumers. In industry, agriculture, and construction, the means of production necessary for society (materials, machines, structures, etc.) and consumer goods (food, clothing, shoes) are created. Freight transport, communications for production services, catering, procurement, and sales also belong to the sphere of material production, since they contribute to the creation of products and ensure their sale.
The non-production sphere includes industries providing medical, cultural and consumer services to the population, management and planning. This area has a huge impact on improving working conditions and raising the living standards of the people. All sectors closely interact with each other in the processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods.
IV. Practical work.
Divide professions according to their belonging to the sphere of material and non-material production.
Lesson No. 8/3 “Structure and components of modern production”
Goals and objectives: introduce the concepts of a production enterprise, a production association, a research and production association, an inter-industry complex; inform about the means of labor, means of production, instruments of production; study the structure of an industrial enterprise.
During the classes
I. Lesson organization
Checking students' readiness for the lesson.
II. Repetition of covered material.
6. What is an industry?
7. What industries belong to the sphere of material production?
8. And what about the intangible sphere?
III. Learning new material.
The production enterprise is the main link in modern production. The main goal of any enterprise is to ensure the production of high-quality products needed by society with minimal labor and money.
Each industrial enterprise consists of several production divisions: workshops or sections. The most complex structure is typical for enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, as well as the chemical and textile industries. Enterprises of this type contain functionally different workshops:
· Basic ones that determine the production profile;
· Auxiliary (energy, repair);
· Service (transport, warehouses);
· Ancillary services (production of containers).
There are connections between them, which can be determined by the sequential processing and processing of raw materials, their integrated use and waste disposal.
As a result of the interaction of workshops or production sites, the production-territorial, organizational and economic unity of any enterprise is achieved.
The production association is a single specialized production complex, which includes industrial enterprises, research, design, technological and other organizations that have production connections among themselves and have centralized auxiliary and service production.
The creation of large associations makes it possible to significantly increase the volume of high-quality products, speed up their production and sale, use raw materials more economically, and quickly introduce modern equipment and technologies into production.
A research and production association is one of the forms of connecting science with production. The scientific and production association includes research, technological, design and pilot production facilities.
The difference between production and scientific-production associations lies, first of all, in the fact that the former are organized to produce certain types of industrial products in the required quantity and high quality, and the latter are organized to make maximum use of the achievements of scientific and technological progress and provide assistance to production associations in mastering new technology, new technological processes.
One of the directions for the development of modern production is the formation of inter-industry complexes.
For example: The machine-building complex provides the means of labor for all branches of modern production, thereby largely determining the pace of their development. The complex includes energy, heavy and transport, chemical and petroleum, construction, road and municipal engineering, machine tool, tool, electrical, electronics, instrument making, automotive and other industries.
In material production there is a standard organizational structure, which includes the following elements:
§ Main production (i.e. an enterprise, for example a foundry);
§ Workshop – the main production unit of the enterprise; different: main, auxiliary, service, utility and other workshops; manager - head of the workshop.
§ Production site - a production unit that combines several workplaces; In addition to the main and auxiliary workers, it has a manager - a site foreman.
§ Team work area
§ Workplace.
Let's look at the example of a tree, where the trunk is production, the branches are production areas, the branches are work areas of the team, and the leaves are work areas.
IV. Summarizing the material covered.
1. Name the main branches of modern production.
2. What products do enterprises in our region produce? What industries do they belong to?
3. For what purpose are associations organized?
The organization of the recruitment process is carried out on the basis of defined principles, ensuring. more efficient use of means of labor, objects of labor and labor itself. The purpose of these principles is to complete planned tasks within the established time frame. The production process must be organized rationally. The principles determine the efficiency of the production process. It is expressed in a high level of labor productivity, in minimum, other things being equal, levels of product costs and high quality.
The principle of specialization is a process of social division of labor. In industry, it is expressed in the creation of corresponding industries, in industries - enterprises, associations, scientific and technical complexes for the production of products. In the pre-production areas there are workshops, in the workshops there are sections, in the sections there are workplaces. The level of specialization at the enterprise depends on the volume of production of products of the same name.
Principle of standardization – promotes increased. level of specialization. Article refers to the procedure for establishing and applying rules in order to streamline any activity. The standards are applied in all areas of human activity. The standard limits the varieties and types of products for the same purpose, thereby increasing the production volume of identical products and increasing the number of technological technologies of the same name. operations.
Principle of proportionality – when all production departments of the enterprise work with the same productivity, ensuring. implementation of the production program provided for by the business plan within the established time frame. Achieving proportions is based on standards that determine the quantitative relationship between the elements of production:
Technological performance standards Equipment, time standards for performing technological operations, standards for inventories and material costs. and energy resources, etc.
Continuity principle – the production process must be organized in such a way that there are no breaks in it or they are minimal. In mechanical engineering, the implementation of this principle is associated with great difficulties and is fully achieved only when, during the production of a product, all technological operations are equal or multiple in duration to each other. The requirements of this principle are fully implemented on continuous production lines and in automated production.
The principle of rhythm – consists in ensuring the release in equal periods of time of one total or uniformly increasing amount of product. Compliance with the rhythm of product release is a guarantee of completing the production program on time. The rhythm of work in the main production depends on the uniformity in accordance with the schedule of auxiliary and service production.
Direct flow principle – conclusion in ensuring the shortest path for the publication to pass through all stages and operations. It requires, if possible, eliminating the return movement of parts during processing, reducing the transport routes of parts, components, and assemblies. The rational arrangement of buildings and structures on the territory of the enterprise and technological equipment in workshops and areas in accordance with the course of technological processes is the main way to comply with the requirements of the principle of direct flow.
Parallel principle – is to process products simultaneously, as much as possible, in parallel on several machines.
Principle of concentration – consists in concentrating operations on technologically homogeneous products at individual workplaces, sections, lines, and workshops. The basis for this is the commonality of manufacturing technology, which makes it possible to use the same type of equipment.
The principle of differentiation and combination – depending on the complexity of the product and the volume of its production, the production process can be carried out in any production department (workshop, section) or it can be dispersed across several departments.
Automatic principle – is to free the worker to the greatest extent from the costs of manual, low-productive labor when performing a technological operation (computers and robotics are used).
The principle of flexibility – lies in the need to ensure rapid readjustment of technological equipment in conditions of a frequently changing range of products. The requirement for flexibility is of particular importance in conditions of single and small-scale production. The implementation of this principle is carried out most effectively through the use of electronics and MP technology.
Lesson 1. Structure of modern production.
Purpose: during the study of the module you will become familiar with the concepts of division of labor, specialization of labor, industry, activity; with types of enterprises; production structure of the Jewish Autonomous Region.
Learning new material.
Sphere of professional activity.
Goal: formation and deepening of knowledge about the division of labor, specialization of labor, industries, activities
Assignment: Based on the knowledge gained in geography lessons, answer the test.
1. Human activity in his profession and specialty in a certain form and branch of production is
2. a system of interconnected types and forms of labor activity specific to each historical era is
A) activity B) professional activity
C) specialization of labor D) division of labor
A) activity B) professional activity
C) specialization of labor D) division of labor
A) activity B) professional activity
C) specialization of labor D) division of labor
A) meeting the needs of the manufacturer
B) the emergence of commodity-monetary relations
A) material production
B) intangible production
B) both productions
A) activity B) cooperation
B) industry D) labor specialization
— run the test.
For each correct answer - 1 point
Consolidation of acquired knowledge
Using the test materials and additional text, answer the questions:
1. Write down in your notebook the definition of what an activity is.
2. Write down in your notebook the definition of what professional activity is. What are the functions of professional activity.
3. What features does professional activity depend on?
4. Can we say that a person who repairs his car or electrical wiring is engaged in a professional activity?
5. Fill out the diagram
Areas of professional activity
6. How does the sphere of material production differ from the non-production sphere?
7. Give examples of the connection between material production and intangible production.
Work independently or in pairs in a notebook
Checking answers to questions
Types of enterprises; production structure of the Jewish Autonomous Region.
Goal: get to know the types of enterprises; production structure of the Jewish Autonomous Region.
Using additional text, answer the questions.
1. Name the organizational forms of enterprises.
2. How do enterprises differ in terms of ownership of tools?
3. fill out the table: Organizational
forms of enterprise
Features of the enterprise
Based on the knowledge gained in geography lessons, answer the questions.
1. There are 5 districts in the region. Name the areas with an agricultural type of economy.
2. Name the areas with an industrial-agrarian type of economy.
3. What does the specialization of the region’s economy depend on?
Work independently or in pairs in a notebook
Working with the class, checking
Consolidation of acquired knowledge
Purpose: to check the assimilation of acquired knowledge.
1. How does professional activity differ from non-professional activity?
2. Name the reason for the emergence of professional activity.
3. Name the positive aspects of the division of labor.
4. Prove with examples that labor specialization is progressive for economic development.
Working with the class, checking
3. Complete the practical work “Description of the goals of the activity, features of production and the nature of the product, requirements for the qualifications of workers at the enterprise” of any enterprise in our region)
Additional text
Having summarized the types of activities characteristic of all people, we will name the main ones: communication, play, learning and work.
Professional activity performs the following functions: creation of material and spiritual values and benefits, obtaining funds for human life and society, promoting the general and professional development of the individual and others, transforming the environment.
Professional activity is characterized by its inherent characteristics (environment, setting, conditions of rest and work, object and subject of work).
Based on the results of labor activity and the products of labor, two large spheres of the economy are distinguished: the sphere of material production and the non-production sphere.
They are also areas of professional activity.
In the sphere of material production, two types of products are produced: means of production and consumer goods.
The non-production sphere covers industries and types of professional activities serving the population, other sectors of the economy and management.
Successful mastery of professional activity primarily depends on understanding its content. To do this, you need to gain knowledge in this profession and certain experience. It is a mistake to consider a professional activity to be a temporary occupation without prior theoretical preparation. Without mastering rational techniques, skills, abilities and knowledge, he may not only fail to eliminate the problem, but also aggravate it.
The success of mastering a professional activity depends on the motive for choosing a given profession, professional orientation and the correspondence of the employee’s personality traits to the chosen field. In addition, in any professional activity there are health restrictions.
Depending on their legal status, modern enterprises, in accordance with the forms of ownership of the means of production, are divided into: state, cooperative, private, open and closed joint-stock companies, holdings.
An enterprise is a subject that conducts production activities and has independence in making business decisions.
Organizational forms of the enterprise:
Lesson 2. Forms of division of labor.
Study material with assignment instructions
Learning Guide
Purpose: during the study of the module you will become familiar with the forms of division of labor, classification of areas of professional activity; learn the difference between the concepts of “profession” and “specialty”
Read the purpose of the lesson carefully.
Repetition of what has been learned.
Purpose: to check the mastery of basic concepts and terms on the topic “Structure of modern production”
Run the test
The activity of a person in his profession and specialty in a certain form and branch of production is
2. A system of interconnected types and forms of labor activity specific to each historical era is
A) division of labor B) specialization of labor
C) professional activity D) activity
3. A form of social division of labor, expressed in such an organization of production, when individual people perform only certain labor operations in the process of manufacturing any product - this is
A) division of labor B) specialization of labor
C) professional activity D) activity
4. Creative transformation, improvement of reality and the person himself is called
A) professional activity B) activity
C) specialization of labor D) division of labor
5. The reason for the emergence of professional activity
A) the emergence of commodity-monetary relations
B) meeting the needs of the manufacturer
B) transformation of the environment
6. Based on the results of work, areas of professional activity are distinguished
A) material production
B) both productions
B) intangible production
7. A historically established set of enterprises, industries, organizations, characterized by the unity of the economic purpose of the products or services produced is
A) activity B) cooperation
B) labor specialization D) industry
Work independently notebooks - take the test.
Working with the class, checking the test. For each correct answer - 1 point
Learning new material.
Forms of division of labor
Goal: formation and deepening of knowledge about the forms of division of labor; concepts of “profession” and “specialty”
1. Make a diagram of “Forms of division of labor”
Forms of division of labor
2. What are the differences between a profession and a specialty and position?
3. What is classification?
4. List the main reasons for the need to classify professions.
5. Make a diagram of “Methods of classification of professions”
6. Write down the definitions of “profession” and “specialty” in your notebook.
7. Give examples of professions and specialties.
Work independently or in pairs in a notebook
Work with the class, checking answers to questions.
Consolidation of acquired knowledge
Purpose: to check the assimilation of acquired knowledge.
Find and correct errors in the table
Professions
Specialties
Tractor driver
Teacher
Literary critic
Car driver
Installer
Fighter pilot
Semiconductor Device Assembler
International carriage conductor
Salesman
Hairdresser
Mathematic teacher
Work independently or in pairs in a notebook
Checking the progress of the work
2. Homework - notes in notebooks
3. Complete practical work “Description of the goals of the activity, features of production and the nature of the product, requirements for the qualifications of employees at the enterprise.”
Additional text
In the conditions of scientific and technological revolution, under the influence of complex mechanization and automation of production processes, the material basis for the division and specialization of labor is changing.
Mental work is work in which a person spends mainly his intellectual efforts.
Physical labor is work in which a person spends primarily his physical efforts.
Sectoral division of labor is the division of labor into sectors of material (industry, agriculture, transport, construction, etc.) and non-material production (science, education, trade, medicine, etc.)
Subject specialization is the specialization of enterprises for the production of homogeneous finished products (car plant, clothing factory, sausage shop, etc.).
Detailed specialization is the production of individual parts and components of the finished product (for example, products of a ball bearing plant, products of a carburetor plant, products of a tire plant, etc.).
Stage (technological) specialization - the implementation of individual operations, parts of the technological process (for example, the production of blanks for machine-building enterprises in foundries, the production of yarn for weaving factories in spinning factories, etc.).
Functional division of labor - specialization according to the functions that people perform in production (engineering and technical workers, office workers, junior service personnel, etc.).
Professional division of labor is an association of workers depending on their profession or specialization (turner, accountant, economist, etc.).
Qualification division of labor is the differentiation of workers within a professional group depending on their level of qualification (grade, class, category).
The division and specialization of labor is the objective basis for the emergence of professions and specialties. These concepts should be distinguished.
A profession is a type of work activity that requires special knowledge and experience and provides the conditions for the existence of an individual.
A profession unites a group of related specialties. For example, the profession of a teacher includes specialties: physics teacher, mathematics teacher, history teacher, etc.
A specialty is a narrower area of application of a person’s physical and spiritual forces within a particular profession.
Position is the official position of an employee provided for in the staffing table, which determines his duties and remuneration.
There is a need to classify professions and specialties due to the following reasons:
There are such ways of classifying professions, i.e. distribution according to certain characteristics:
Lesson 3. Areas of professional activity.
Study material with assignment instructions
Learning Guide
Purpose: during the study of the module you will become familiar with the classification of areas of professional activity.
Read the purpose of the lesson carefully.
Repetition of what has been learned.
Purpose: to check the mastery of basic concepts and terms on the topic “Forms of division of labor”
1. Name the main forms of division of labor.
2. Determine what form of division of labor the given items belong to:
A) science, education, trade, medicine
C) turner, accountant, economist
D) industry, agriculture, transport, construction
D) technical workers, office workers, junior service personnel
E) teacher, doctor, salesman
G) production of bearings, carburetors, headlights
H) production of buses, cars, furniture
Work independently notebooks
test verification.
5b - 4b "3"
Learning new material.
Goal: formation and deepening of knowledge about the subjects of labor, .
Assignment: Using materials from additional text, answer the questions
1. By what criteria can spheres of professional activity be classified?
2. Fill out the table: “Characteristics of areas by subject of labor”
Objects of labor
Objects of labor
Areas of work
Professional quality
man - nature
Soil, water, forest, seeds, plants, animals
man - technology
Mining and processing of rocks; installation, repair of equipment, buildings; vehicle control
man is a sign system
Computers, charts, indicators, measuring instruments, diagrams, documents, money.
man - man
Leadership of people, education, training, service to people (trade medical)
man - artistic image
Artistic image and patterns of its creation
3. Based on the diagram, decipher the formula of the profession of the private sector, consisting of 4 letters, where the first is the type, the second is the class, the third is the department, the fourth is the group of the profession.
Work independently or in pairs in a notebook
Work with the class, checking answers to questions.
Consolidation of acquired knowledge
Purpose: to check the assimilation of acquired knowledge.
Complete the practical work “Defining the goal, formula of your future profession.” Present your work in the form of a table
1.Profession name: ———
Qualification
signs
Field of professional activity
1. Purpose of work
2. Subject of labor
3. Tools
4. Working conditions
5. Results (products) of labor
6. Professional qualities
2. Profession formula.
Work independently in a notebook
2. Homework - notes in notebooks
3. The teacher selectively takes notebooks for checking.
Additional text
Sphere is the limit of distribution of any action.
The sphere of professional activity is a branch (or area) of labor that has certain boundaries of application.
There are several criteria for classifying areas of professional activity.
In each industry, areas of professional activity can be distinguished according to their focus, i.e. on the subject of work.
The subject of labor is what a person’s labor is aimed at, what the worker influences, modifying and adapting it to meet personal and social needs.
Subjects of labor include: nature, technology, sign system, man, artistic image.
According to the subject of work, there are 5 areas of professional activity:
Areas of professional activity can also be classified according to the goals of work:
Based on tools of labor, professions are divided into the following groups:
According to working conditions, professions are divided into the following groups:
The classification of areas of professional activity can be schematically depicted:
Working conditions:
Group of professions
Tools:
Departments of professions
Labor goals:
Job classes
Subjects of labor:
Ch-P, Ch-T, Ch-Z, Ch-H, Ch-H
Types of professions
Lesson 4. Division of labor. Horizontal and vertical division of labor.
Study material with assignment instructions
Learning Guide
Objective: As you study the module, you will become familiar with the concepts of horizontal and vertical division of labor.
Read the purpose of the lesson carefully.
Repetition of what has been learned.
Purpose: to check the mastery of basic concepts and terms on the topic “Spheres of professional activity”
1. By what criteria can spheres of professional activity be classified?
2. Determine which professional qualities are named incorrectly:
A) H - nature: love of plants and animals, physical endurance, coordination of movements, tolerance and perseverance, technical thinking, politeness, imaginative memory, working memory, observation.
B) H - technology: technical thinking, technical hearing, resistance to monotony, visually imaginative thinking, creative thinking, concentration, love of technology.
C) H - person: politeness, honesty, physical endurance, courage, precision of movement, artistic taste, observation.
D) H - Sign system: accuracy of movement, visual perception, logical thinking, coordination of movements, resistance to monotony, love of nature, honesty, love of people.
3. Name the profession to which this formula could apply: a) TIAO
Work independently notebooks
task completion check
Learning new material.
Horizontal division of labor.
Goal: developing knowledge about the horizontal division of labor.
Assignment: Using materials from additional text, answer the questions
1. What is the main meaning of the division of labor?
2. What determines the effectiveness of an organization?
3. Name the types of division of labor.
4. What is the essence of the horizontal division of labor?
5. What are the characteristics of horizontal division of labor? Describe these features.
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