The main indicators of the level of international specialization of an industry include the coefficient of industry specialization relative to export specialization (COES) and the export quota in the industry's production.

KOES is determined by the formula

Ko = Eo/Em,

where Eo is the share of goods (the totality of industry goods) in the country’s exports;

Em is the share of goods (analogue goods) in world exports.

With the help of KOES, it is possible, to a first approximation, to determine the range of goods and, accordingly, industries that are internationally specialized for a given country. The higher (more than one) the ratio in favor of the national structure of exports for a particular product or group of products, the more obvious is the international specialization of the corresponding industry. On the contrary, the lower this ratio (less than one), the less reason to consider the corresponding goods and industries as internationally specialized.

The export quota indicates the extent to which the national industry and its individual branches are oriented toward foreign markets, and at the same time shows the extent to which the latter are isolated from the national market. An increase in the export quota in production indicates an intensification of international industrial relations in one direction - to foreign consumers and an increase in the competitiveness of internationally specialized products.

The larger the share of products from advanced manufacturing industries in the exported products of internationally specialized industries, the more progressive the country's SMEs are, and the higher their real level. And vice versa, the clear predominance of extractive industries and agriculture in the export of products is evidence of the country’s usually passive role in the MRI and the relative backwardness of its SMEs.

Another aspect of the qualitative side of international specialization of production is associated with the breadth of the nomenclature (range) of goods supplied to foreign markets. The rapid expansion of the range of exports is generally evidence of the country’s international despecialization, and, conversely, the reduction of the range makes the export profile clearer. This conclusion, however, is too general and needs clarification. Thus, if the expansion of the range of exports as a whole occurs due to internationally specialized products and the share of the latter in exports increases, then in fact there is an increase in the level of international specialization of production; expansion of the range due to non-specialized types of products causes the opposite results. Consequently, the expansion of assortment in itself does not indicate a deterioration in the country's SMEs.

More on the topic Indicators of the level of international specialization of the industry:

1. I.3.3. Quantitative indicators of the characteristics of the main forms of the international division of labor - specialization and cooperation
2. 12.2. Trends in international specialization in manufacturing
3. 3. INTERNATIONAL SPECIALIZATION AND COOPERATION OF PRODUCTION: ESSENCE, FORMS, DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT
4. 6.2.3. Indicators of asset quality and risk level of individual active operations
5. International law for the protection and promotion of human rights as a branch of international law

Model 2. The licensor additionally undertakes to supply the licensee with some of the components of its production.

Model 3. The licensor undertakes to supply to the licensee not only individual types of equipment, but also complete technological lines along with the corresponding technologies under financial leasing terms.

Model 4. Joint production of an agreed nomenclature of a cooperative p

production, accompanied by the mutual transfer of licenses and technologies, certain types of technological equipment, and the sale to each other of certain types of cooperative products (final and/or intermediate)

The development of this form of IPC is the establishment of specialization of partners on the basis of agreement on the production program for the nomenclature and volumes of output of the relevant types of products, as well as their mutual supplies. If the results of such cooperation are positive, cooperation can extend to joint or coordinated R&D to improve existing or create new products and their manufacture within the framework of the IPC.

Model 5. Cooperation on a set of issues covered by all of the above models in different combinations. The contractual form of the IPC may become a prerequisite for the unification of cooperators into one form or another of a corporate union, including TNCs. In the latter case, it is transformed into intra-company cooperation.

Model 6. Contract cooperation, in which the licensor issues an order to the licensee for the production of cooperated products, often intermediate, according to the documentation and know-how transferred to the latter. Sometimes the customer supplies the contractor with components and components of his own manufacture, as well as certain types of technological equipment.

Contractual forms of cooperation are attractive to its partners not only for their “cost-effectiveness”, but also for the “softness” of the forms of combining the partners’ efforts. Effective concentration of production and market interaction is achieved without such harsh forms of competition as acquisitions and mergers of companies.

2.3 Indicators of the country’s participation in the international division of labor

International statistics suggests using the following indicators as such.

1. The export quota, reflecting the share of a country’s exports in its GDP, is expressed by the formula

where Ke is the export quota;

E - country's exports;

GDP is gross domestic product.

This indicator really reflects the country’s participation in MRI, since it reflects the share of the country’s resources actually involved in the MRI process, indicates the degree of dependence of the process of selling national products on foreign markets and the ability of a given country to produce a certain amount of products for world markets.

2. The import quota, showing the share of a country’s imports in its GDP, is expressed by the formula

where Ki is the import quota; I - import;

GDP is gross domestic product.

An import quota indicates the dependence of a country's domestic consumption and production on the outside world.

3. The coefficient of dynamics of the international division of labor, reflecting the ratio of the growth rates of exports and domestic production, is expressed by the formula

where Kd is the MRI dynamics coefficient;

Jе - index of export volumes;

Jп - index of production volumes.

4. The coefficient of relative export specialization is equal to the ratio of the specific export of a product in the total amount of exports of the country to the specific weight of exports of this product in the total volume of world exports (formula 2.4.)

where Kc is the coefficient of relative export specialization,

Est1 is the volume of exports of goods T1 by a given country,

Es- exports by a given country,

Emt1 - volume of world exports of goods Т1

Um - the volume of world exports.

If this coefficient for any product is greater than one, then we can conclude that this country specializes in the world economy in the production and trade of this product.

5. OECD experts also calculate the coefficient of comparative advantage of exports of certain types of goods by different countries using the following formula:

where Ksp is the coefficient of comparative advantage;

Eim - export of finished products

Ei – export of a certain product (i)

J – country

The formula compares the share of a country's exports of a particular product in the total volume of exports of manufactured goods from OECD countries. A country has a comparative advantage if the share of a given product in total exports of that product from OECD countries is greater than the share of exports of finished goods from OECD countries.

6. OECD experts also suggest calculating the coefficient of intra-industry international specialization:

where: Kvs - coefficient of intra-industry international specialization;

E - export;

And - import.

The value of the coefficient ranges from minus 100 (the country is exclusively importing for this product) to plus 100 (the country is exclusively exporting for this product). Indicators within this gap characterize the degree of involvement of the country in intra-industry international specialization.

Indicators of export and import quotas can be calculated both for the country as a whole and for individual industries and types of products.

2.4 Current trends in the development of the international division of labor

The modern empirical picture of MRI indicates the emergence of new trends in its development in the second half of the 20th century.

Firstly, the country’s participation in modern MRI is increasingly determined not by endowed natural factors, but by “acquired” (created) by the country production factors: technology, quality of labor, etc.

In modern conditions, the division of labor between countries is maintained, based on the uneven distribution of natural and climatic resources between them. Examples include oil exporting countries, countries producing natural rubber, coffee, cocoa, citrus fruits, etc.

The examples of Japan, NICs (newly industrialized countries) of Southeast Asia on the one hand, and Russia, on the other, indicate the decisive influence of “acquired” factors of production on a country’s participation in MRI. The former do not have the natural resources of Russia, but play a more significant role in global commodity and financial markets.

Secondly, the place of many countries in the MRI (especially in the developing group) is determined by how well they fit into the strategic objectives and goals of international corporations. An example is the investment of American and English TNCs in the oil production of the Persian Gulf countries, and as a result, the latter, settled by nomads back in the 50s, have become the world's largest oil exporters, investors, lenders and global centers of labor force attraction.

KOES shows the ratio of the national export structure for a specific product (or group of products in an industry) and the global structure of exports for a similar product (or group of products in a similar industry). It all depends on the purpose of the research - whether a particular product is a target for export or whether we are talking about a specific industry.

KOES = E's / E'm E's = E'is / E's E'm = E'im / E'm

KOES = E'is / E's: E'im / E'm = E'is / E'im * E'm / E's = E’is / E’im*(1 / (E’s / E’m))

Where is the share of a particular product or product of a particular industry in the country’s total exports?

E'm is the share of world exports of a similar product or a set of goods of a similar industry in global exports.

Example: what indicators should be used to calculate KOES. I use the indicators from the previous question, spell them out: like a) / b), etc.

With the help of KOES, it is possible, as a first approximation, to determine the range of goods and, accordingly, industries that are internationally specialized for a given country. The higher this coefficient, the more reasons to consider the corresponding goods and industries as internationally specialized, and vice versa, the lower the coefficient, the less reason. If the KOES is higher than 1.5, then this indicates a clearly and clearly defined specialization of the country in the corresponding product or industry. It is considered that there is no international specialization for a product or industry if the KOES is less than 0.5.

The task is not excluded prove that a product is internationally specialized for a certain country. Or is it true that i-th industry is internationally specialized for country A, but not for B. There is no need to confuse the EKPO indicators of the export quota in the industry’s production and the country’s export quota. EKPO is the overall production quota of an industry, and a country's export quota is the ratio of a country's exports for a certain period to its ratio to GDP.

EXPO represents

EKPO = Ei / Pi, Where Ei is the volume of national exports of a total product or the totality of goods of the i-industry. Pi Volume of national production of a particular product or set of goods.

EKPO shows the extent to which the products of a given industry are oriented towards foreign markets. Analysis of the dynamics of this indicator gives an idea of ​​the degree of international competitiveness of the products of the relevant industry for the corresponding period. It is clear that a steady increase in this indicator indicates a steady and stable increase in the international competitiveness of the corresponding products; if the trend is downward, then this is a signal of trouble. If a country's share in the world production of a certain industry is significantly higher than the export quota in the production of this industry of the country, then this is generally other things being equal indicates the discrepancy between the goods produced by the country in this industry and the world level of quality. It is important to take into account a number of other indicators.

The more significant the product of the leading manufacturing industries (products of the so-called secondary sector of the economy) occupies in the composition of the exported products of internationally specialized industries, the more progressive the international specialization of a country’s production is, the higher its level (higher the level of quality). And vice versa, the clear predominance of the country’s exports from the primary sector of the economy (products of extractive industries, forestry) is evidence of the country’s passive role in MRI and this is evidence of the relative backwardness of SMEs in the corresponding country.

The expansion of the product range (assortment) does not always indicate the international despecialization of the country; if the expansion of the country’s export range occurs due to internationally specialized products and the share of the latter in exports grows, then in fact there is an increase in the level of international specialization of the country. Expanding the export of products at the expense of internationally non-specialized products causes the opposite result. For example (a country that produces grain for itself enters the foreign market due to crop failure in the usual supplying countries)

International specialized products include not only products of internationally specialized industries. It also includes: products that are the subject of bilateral and multilateral agreements on international specialization and production cooperation. Some authors also include goods produced in one or several countries and fully covering the needs of the world market for them (but this does not happen spontaneously). This also includes the products of international companies produced on the basis of a division of labor between their foreign branches.

Points of view on the export of raw materials from the Russian Federation:

1. The structure of commodity exports of the Russian Federation has a raw material orientation; therefore, it follows, as mentioned earlier, that the country’s international specialization is backward; it plays a passive role in international specialization. But this should not be interpreted as a humiliating role. From an economic point of view:

Subject-role interpretation (raw materials are an object plus its role). Raw materials, being the subject of labor, play a passive role in comparison with the tools of labor, but play an important role in production as a subject of labor. It is incorrect to pose the question as bad or good. Each element is important, but in its own way. Raw materials are by nature a passive element of labor, but without them there can be no production.

2. From the point of view of comparative advantages and economic efficiency (Andrey Illarionov) The fact itself is not a basis for critical assessments. It is important what labor productivity is achieved in the relevant industries. It is in the interests of the Russian Federation to engage not only in the export of raw materials, but also to stimulate the development of related industries for the oil and gas industry. For example, Norway, it has a similar export structure. If you do not develop your advantages, you can lose them; you need to develop complementary production niches plus restore the means of production. (There is pre-revolutionary equipment in the White Sea) When Norway began to develop the North Sea shelf, they used 100% American equipment, but set the task of minimizing this dependence plus becoming an exporter of this equipment to other countries. There was an improvement in exports due to the oil industry.

International specialization of production (SME) is understood as a form of division of labor between countries, in which the increase in the concentration of homogeneous production and the socialization of labor in the world occurs on the basis of the process of differentiation of national production, separation into independent (separate) technological processes, into separate industries and sub-industries the production of homogeneous labor products in excess of internal needs, which causes increasing mutual complementarity of differentiated national complexes.

SMEs are developing in two directions - production and territorial. In turn, the production direction is divided into inter-industry, intra-industry specialization and the specialization of individual enterprises (companies). In the territorial aspect, SME involves the specialization of individual countries and regions in the production of certain products and their parts for the world market. The main types of SMEs are subject (production of finished products), detail (production of parts, product components) and technological, or stage, specialization (carrying out individual operations or performing individual technological processes, such as assembly, painting, welding, heat treatment, etc.).

At all historical stages, and especially at the present time, SMEs are characterized by the dynamism of ongoing processes, continuous changes in its types, directions, transition to more complex forms generated by profound changes in social production, shifts in the structure of global needs, and the impact of scientific and technological revolution.

In the 1930s, the world was dominated by international intersectoral specialization of production and the corresponding exchange of products from one complex industry (for example, manufacturing) for products from another (mining industry and/or agriculture). In the 50-60s, the leading place continued to be occupied by international specialization of production at the level of primary industries (automotive and aircraft manufacturing, production of plastics, bearings, radio equipment, etc.). In the 70-80s, intra-industry SMEs and the corresponding exchange of goods - analogues with different consumer characteristics (for example, wheeled tractors to caterpillar ones, leather shoes to rubber ones, etc.) came to the fore and consolidated their position.

The importance of MSCP as a factor in increasing the efficiency of national production and intensifying international turnover is steadily increasing. Thus, in the 70-80s, the growth rate of world trade in mechanical engineering products by 40% (in the 60s by 4%) was ensured by components. During the 60-90s, the share of parts and assemblies as components in the foreign trade of economically developed countries in mechanical engineering products more than doubled.

One of the central places in the problems of the methodology of international specialization of production is occupied by the definition of the concepts of “internationally specialized industry” and “internationally specialized products”.

SMEs should be understood as the existing set of industries in the sphere of material production of any country that take the most active part in MRI. The industries that determine the nature of a country's international specialization are also internationally specialized industries. Their characteristic features are a significantly higher share of exports in production compared to other industries, usually a higher share of such industries in the production of a given country in comparison with their share in world production, a higher level of development of intra-industry specialization and cooperation.

The concept of “internationally specialized industry” is closely related and clarified by the concept of “internationally specialized products”. The latter includes products that are the subject of bilateral and multilateral agreements on ISCO and on the division of production programs. Internationally specialized are also goods produced in one or several countries and covering the needs of the world market. These include the products of international corporations that divide labor between their production plants located in different countries.

The main indicators of the level of international specialization of an industry include the relative export specialization coefficient (RES) and the export quota in the industry's production.

KOES is determined by the formula

where is the share of goods (the totality of goods in the industry) in the country’s exports; - the share of goods (analogue goods) in world exports.

With the help of KOES, it is possible, to a first approximation, to determine the range of goods and, accordingly, industries that are internationally specialized for a given country. The higher (more than one) the ratio in favor of the national structure of exports for a particular product or group of products, the more obvious is the international specialization of the corresponding industry. On the contrary, the lower this ratio (less than one), the less reason to consider the corresponding goods and industries as internationally specialized.

The export quota indicates the extent to which the national industry and its individual branches are oriented toward foreign markets, and at the same time shows the extent to which the latter are isolated from the national market. An increase in the export quota in production indicates an intensification of international industrial relations in one direction - to foreign consumers - and an increase in the competitiveness of internationally specialized products.

The basis of international cooperation in production (ICP) is the growing level of development of the productive forces. In a short historical period, the primary cell of production - the enterprise - has radically transformed, and in such a way that this is reflected in all aspects of the social (and therefore international) division of labor. The increasingly complete and consistent separation of individual stages of the technological process from enterprises, the production of component parts of the final product and its transfer to “partial” enterprises mark a new qualitative leap in the division of labor in industry. This served as an incentive for the development of cooperative processes.

As a result of the influence of scientific and technological revolution, a material basis was created for the widespread development of industrial cooperation. The scientific and technological revolution also changed the very nature of the MCP, including science as the most important element. Thus, the main function of labor cooperation - to serve as a means of increasing the produced material goods with higher labor productivity - was supplemented by another important function - the implementation of fundamentally new tasks that are difficult or impossible to solve without combining the efforts of producers from several countries.

The main features of the MCP include:

preliminary agreement by the parties in a contractual manner on the terms of joint activities;

coordination of economic activities of partner enterprises from different countries in a certain, mutually agreed area of ​​this activity;

the presence of industrial enterprises from different countries as direct subjects of production cooperation;

consolidation in a contractual manner as the main objects of cooperation of finished products, components and corresponding technology;

distribution of tasks among partners within the framework of an agreed program, assigning production specialization to them, based on the main goals of cooperation agreements;

direct connection between mutual or unilateral supplies of goods carried out by partners with the implementation of production programs within the framework of cooperation.

The theory and practice of cooperative activity at any level distinguishes between the object of cooperation or the area of ​​activity in which it is carried out, the method of cooperation, i.e. organizational forms and means, as well as the regulatory apparatus, with the help of which the cooperation participants achieve their jointly set goals. Thus, as a specific system of relations, cooperation should be classified based on taking into account two main determinants - the area and method (or form) of cooperation.

The main methods used to establish cooperative ties are:

1) implementation of joint programs;

2) contractual specialization;

3) creation of production joint ventures (JVs).

Within the first method - the implementation of joint programs - MCP manifests itself in two main forms: contract cooperation and joint production.

Contract cooperation- the oldest type of production relations in industry. The essence of contracting activity is that one of the parties to the agreement (customer) entrusts the other (contractor) with performing certain work in accordance with predetermined requirements for its implementation regarding timing, volume, quality of performance, etc. Contract production cooperation has two main types: “classic” contract for the manufacture of products and a contract for the design and release of a new product.

The second method of production cooperation - contractual specialization - consists in delimiting the production programs of participants in such agreements. In accordance with specialization agreements, contracting parties seek to eliminate or reduce duplication of production, and therefore direct competition among themselves in the market. The most important condition that gives this kind of specialization agreements a cooperative character is the presence in it of provisions on close cooperation between the participants in the form of joint production of usually complex products, mutual or unilateral subcontracting deliveries, joint research and development, etc.

The creation of production joint ventures is one of the three main methods of cooperation activities that are becoming increasingly widespread in the world. This is the so-called integrated cooperation, when the capital of several participants is combined under a single organizational form to achieve separate, jointly agreed goals.

Answer
The world economy is a system of national economies united by economic relations based on the international division of labor.
The world economy is the result of long historical development. The world economy as an integral system took shape at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, when the entire globe was divided and assigned to international corporations and individual countries.
The subjects of the world economy are:
about 200 nation states;
transnational and multinational corporations;
international organizations and institutions.
By the 21st century The following structure of the world economy has formed:
global market for goods and services;
world capital market;
global labor market;
international monetary unit;
international credit and financial system.
International exchange in the field of science and technology, innovation and information, as well as in the field of culture is actively developing.
The structure of the world economy is divided into a center and a periphery.
The center is distinguished by a high level of economic development, has a flexible economic mechanism that quickly adapts to the global economic situation and masters the latest achievements of science, technology and technology. The center includes 26 countries with developed market economies.
The periphery is countries with a low level of development, primarily developing ones, with raw material exports. The periphery depends on the center because it lags behind it in socio-economic development.
The international division of labor is the highest level of development of world production, based not only on the division of labor within one country, but also on the territorial division of social labor. It manifests itself in the specialization of individual countries in the production of certain types of products, which these countries systematically exchange.
The international division of labor is the basis for the expansion of international trade and the objective basis for the development of the world market. The level of development of the international division of labor depends on the level of development of the productive forces of individual countries of the world economy and their external activity. The objective basis of its genesis and development is the difference in natural and climatic conditions of individual countries, the presence of minerals, flora and fauna in them, as well as trends in the manufacture of goods based on the use of local raw materials.
Under the conditions of the international division of labor, there is no need for each country to produce the entire range of necessary goods. It specializes in producing those products that are cost-effective. Thus, large countries with developed economies have broad specialization and compete with each other. Conversely, small countries have a narrow specialization in the world market.
The implementation of the international division of labor occurs through interstate specialization and cooperation. International specialization of production is the production or territorial isolation of the production of a specific good or part of it. Production specialization comes in the following forms: subject, detail, stage. The first form means the release of a known good, the second - the release of units, assemblies, parts of the good, the third - involves carrying out a specific stage of the technological process.
To determine the level of participation of a country in international specialization, two indicators are used: the relative export specialization coefficient (RES) and the export quota in the industry's production.
KOES is calculated using the formula

where E0 is the share of goods in the country’s exports; E m – share of goods in world exports. This coefficient identifies (approximately) industries, as well as goods and services that are specialized for a country at the international level.
The export quota is determined by the ratio of the value of the exported product to the value of the gross domestic product.

An increase in the export quota shows not only an increase in the level of a given country in the international division of labor, but also an increase in the competitiveness of goods and services. International specialization of production allows for economies of scale in production by reducing costs per unit of output. For example, detailed specialization makes it possible to reduce the costs of materialized labor by almost half, and the costs of living labor by up to five times.
Modern concepts of the international division of labor originate from classical political economy, from the theories of A. Smith and D. Ricardo.
International cooperation in production is stable production ties between isolated producers from different countries and the exchange of specialized goods. International cooperation, as well as international specialization, contributes to increased production efficiency in the countries participating in these processes.
One of the important forms of interstate relations is international trade. Moreover, foreign trade exchange of goods and services in the world is approximately three times faster than the growth rate of production.

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