The schedule of movement of workers is placed under the graphic part of the calendar plan in an appropriate scale (for example, 1 cm - 5 people).
The number of workers in all processes is added up on each working day, the schedule has a stepwise shape. Due to the sharp fluctuations in the number of workers, drops and peaks appear. It is optimal when these fluctuations are insignificant.
The leveling of the need for workforce is achieved by reallocating the start and end dates of work, without disrupting the technological sequence.
The movement schedule of workers is estimated by the coefficient of unevenness of the movement of workers K n, which should be less than or equal to 1.5.
where N max is the maximum number of workers per day employed in construction, people;
N cf - the average number of workers, people.
where W is the total labor costs of the work, man-shifts;
P f - the actual duration of construction, days.
Technical and economic indicators of the calendar plan
The calculation is performed in an explanatory note in order to evaluate the decisions made in the development of the schedule.
1 Duration of construction:
Normative (Pn) according to SNiP 1.04.03-85 "Standards for the duration of construction";
Actual (P f) according to the calendar plan.
2 Coefficient of duration of construction K pr
3 Labor intensity of general construction works, person-days.
4 Labor intensity per 1 m 3 of the building, man-days, is determined by the ratio of the total labor intensity to the building volume of the building.
5 Coefficient of uneven movement of workers, K lane £ 1.5.
6 Coefficient of overlapping construction processes in time, K s
K c => 1 (8)
where P pos is the duration of work on the object (the sum of column 7 in the schedule)
P actual - the actual duration of work according to the schedule
Graphic design of the calendar plan and explanatory note
The construction schedule of the facility is drawn up on a sheet of Whatman paper in A1 format. First, it is necessary to determine the standard construction period according to SNiP 1.04.03-85 * "Standards for the duration of construction".
After the statement of calculating the labor intensity and the cost of machine time, they begin to design the schedule.
The layout of the graphic material on the "Schedule" sheet is shown in Figure 3.
The size of the columns of table 6 of the schedule is arbitrary, but it must be remembered that column 11 occupies most of the sheet and depends on the duration of construction according to the standard (two, three, etc. months). Having filled in the calculated part of the plan, draw the graphic part.
Design experience has shown that this document is the most time consuming to execute, therefore it is important to rationally distribute your work so as not to disrupt the timely defense of the course project.
The explanatory note of this document begins with the definition of the standard construction duration. The following is a sheet of calculation of the amount of work (earth, stone, installation, etc.) with intermediate calculations.
Figure 3. - Scheme of placement of graphic material on the "Schedule" sheet
The statement of labor costs and machine time is also given in the explanatory note.
The choice of production methods contains a brief description of the technology of the processes performed, from preparatory work to landscaping. The construction process considered in the technological map cannot be described, just a reference to it is enough.
The calculation of the TEP completes the explanatory note to the schedule.
5.3 Composition, content and procedure for the development of a technological map.
Practical implementation of the building project is carried out with the obligatory observance of a certain technological sequence for the construction of an engineering structure, which, with the maximum technological study of construction processes, is set out in technological maps (TC).
Technological maps are a technically and technologically regulated document that provides rational decisions on the organization and technology of construction production and a high level of quality.
Technological maps are developed according to a single scheme recommended by the instructions of the Central Research Institute for Organization, Mechanization and Technical Assistance in Construction (TsNIIOMTP). According to the "Guidelines for the development of technological maps in construction", the technological map consists of 6 sections:
Section 1. Scope
The section contains:
The name of the technological process, structural element or part of the building;
Nomenclature (composition) of types of work covered by the map;
Name of building materials;
Dimensions and weight of elements;
Characteristics of the conditions and features of the production of work, adopted in the map.
Section 2. Technology and organization of work performed
The section contains:
Requirements for completeness of preparatory and previous work;
Requirements for the production technology of work, indicating the composition, sequence and methods of execution technological processes;
Guidelines for the organization of workplaces;
Breakdown of the building into grabs and tiers;
Technological schemes for the production of work in the form of a plan and section of that structural part of the building on which the work provided for by the TC will be performed.
The diagram should indicate the arrangement of machines, mechanisms and equipment, means of paving, areas for storage and reception of concrete (mortar), access roads, hazardous areas of work.
Section 3. Requirements for quality and acceptance of works
The section contains:
Requirements for the quality of supplied materials and products, a list of tools and devices for quality control of structures and materials;
Operational quality control schemes;
The list of technological processes subject to control, indicating the subject of control, the method and tool of control, the time of the control, the person responsible for the control;
The control form can be supplemented with an axonometric diagram of the control object indicating the places where deviations are measured.
Section 4. Occupational safety and health
The section provides the following information:
Occupational health and safety solutions;
Diagrams showing the fencing (boundaries) of hazardous areas, warning notices and signs;
Safe work rules when performing work processes;
Paving means and personal protective equipment.
Section 5. Resource Requirements
The section contains:
List of machines, mechanisms and equipment with specification of technical characteristics, types, brands, quantity per link;
The list of technological equipment, tools, inventory and fixtures with an indication of GOST, TU, etc.
A statement of the need for materials, products and structures to perform the stipulated volumes of work (the nomenclature and quantity of materials, products is determined according to the building project); the consumption of materials required to obtain a meter of the final product is determined on the basis of general production rates of consumption of materials in construction ("Collections of elementary estimate rates").
Section 6. Technical and economic indicators
The section contains:
Duration of work execution (in shifts, days);
Standard labor costs of workers (labor intensity) (man-days) and machine time (machine-shifts);
Calculation of labor costs and machine time, in which the volume of work is determined by the adopted meter of the final product (m 3, m 2, pcs). The work processes are presented in a technological sequence.
The work schedule drawn up for the adopted meter of the final product using the calculation data. The schedule is drawn up for the construction process, based on an eight-hour working day.
The technological map is developed in the following sequence:
Study of working drawings of the object;
Choose a method of performing work with an analysis of options;
Outline the correct technological sequence of work and carry out explanatory drawings and diagrams;
Calculate the amount of work for a given construction process;
Determine the complexity of this type of work;
Draw up a work schedule;
Determine the need for material and technical resources;
Develop measures for a safe method of performing work;
First of all, a graph of the needs of the estimated (attendance) number of workers per day is built. Estimated the number of workers per day is the total number of workers that must go out to perform the work provided for in the network schedule on each of the planned shifts of the day (day) in question.
Then a graph of the needs of the estimated number of workers is built for each shift... The construction of the schedule is carried out by adding the number of workers employed in the performance of work during the corresponding shifts on each of the working days.
Considering that workers can get sick, commit absenteeism, perform any duties with the permission of the administration, go on vacation, etc., it should be additionally built list requirement schedule in labor resources. The payroll is the number of workers that should be hired so that, taking into account the reasons for absenteeism listed above, there is an estimated number of workers each day. Proceeding from the fact that absenteeism for various reasons can amount to 10-20%, accordingly, the number of workers on the list per day should be higher by this amount.
In practice, the relevant specialists of the organization should keep a quantitative record of losses of working time, analyze the reasons causing these losses, and develop measures to reduce such losses and, accordingly, increase production efficiency.
The purpose of the graphs is as follows:
Recruitment is carried out according to the payroll schedule;
For the maximum number, the area of the corresponding temporary structures is calculated;
According to the corresponding schedules, it is possible to assess the degree of sufficiency of labor resources and to take measures in advance to eliminate a possible shortage of workers (schedule optimization).
In real conditions, the distribution and consolidation of the work team in shifts is carried out based on the peculiarities of the technology for performing work, the urgency of their implementation, the sufficiency of the work front and other factors. The first (day) shift is the most convenient, since it does not require artificial lighting, the entire household infrastructure works (public transport, catering establishments, shops, etc.). At the same time, night shifts require organizing the delivery of people, providing food, additional costs for labor protection, maintenance of mechanisms, and lighting. Night time objectively affects the reduction in the pace of work.
Thus, the first shift is the most convenient and, as a rule, with 3-shift work, 40-50% of the team is assigned to the first shift, 20-30% in the second, and 15-20% in the third. Taking this into account, it is advisable to build accordingly the schedules of the movement of labor for each shift separately (for the 1st, for the 2nd and for the 3rd). With such a distribution of the number of workers in the brigade according to changes in the schedule of movement of labor resources, they will more accurately reflect the real situation and, accordingly, will make it possible to perform a competent calculation of the area of temporary structures.
Evaluation of the schedule of movement of workers on the object is carried out according to the coefficient of uneven movement of labor (K).
where: - the maximum estimated number of workers per day,
- the average number of workers per day.
,
where: is the total labor intensity of construction work in man-days,
Is the length of the critical path in days.
The physical meaning of the value of the coefficient of unevenness is as follows. The lower the value of the coefficient, the longer the period of time at the construction site will be the maximum number of workers performing the work stipulated by the CP. This, in turn, will indicate that the temporary structures will be maximally used for their intended purpose during this time.
The higher the value of the coefficient, the shorter the site with the maximum number of workers on the workers' movement graph. And this, in turn, will lead to the fact that household premises designed for such a maximum number will not be used for their intended purpose by 100%. The permissible value of the coefficient of unevenness of the movement of labor is 1.5-1.75.
At the same time, it should be noted that in cases where each brigade will have mobile temporary structures assigned to it, which will move simultaneously with the brigade from object to object, this coefficient may not be determined, since it will lose its value.
To organize the recruitment of workers, in addition to the total listed number of workers, it is necessary to know the required number for the relevant specialties and qualifications in order to ensure that the average category of the formed team of workers corresponds to the category of work complexity.
Goals:
1. It is developed in order to obtain the initial data for calculating the elements of the construction plan (temporary buildings, water supply are calculated according to the maximum number of workers per day or per shift);
2. Calculated to assess the quality of the schedule.
The schedule of movement of workers (GDR) is built on the same time scale as the calendar plan (KP).
Fig. 41. Worker movement schedule
The workers' movement schedule is built for work performed in one shift or per day.
Coefficient of uneven movement of workers:
where N max is the maximum number of workers;
N Wed is the average number of workers.
If different jobs are performed in a different number of shifts per day, it is necessary to calculate two N Wed:
and 
On the graph of workers' movement, "peaks" are undesirable, because:
1) they indicate the irrational use of temporary household premises;
2) they testify to the irrational use of work fronts.
From a theoretical point of view, there are several types of work schedules:
Fig. 42. Example 1
"+": A gradual increase in workers at the facility contributes to a better organization of work, the provision of materials, equipment at the construction site.
"-": buildings and structures are used irrationally.
Fig. 43. Example 2
"+": Temporary buildings are not idle.
"-": it is difficult to ensure the workload of all workers at the same time.
Fig. 44. Example 3
You need to strive for this type of schedule, because it is optimal. However, go is difficult to implement.
Optimization of the gearbox in order to reduce the coefficient of unevenness Кn on the GDR can be carried out at the expense of:
1) changes in the intensity of work, i.e. an increase or decrease in the number of workers in the brigade;
2) due to the deliberate shift in the timing of the beginning of certain types of work;
3) correction is possible due to unaccounted and other works.
Fig. 45. Adjustment of the GDR due to unaccounted and other works
DESIGN OF BUILDING GENERAL PLANS (SGP)
Types of SGP:
1. As part of the POS, it is being developed general site SCT on a scale of 1: 500.
2. If the elements of the construction industry are located outside the construction site, a situational plan (1: 5000, 1: 2000);
3. As part of the PPR is being developed object construction plan (1: 200), as a rule, for the preparatory and main periods.
In the general case, SCS is a plan for the safe organization of a construction site, which shows existing buildings, structures, communications, roads (existing, projected, erected, temporary), storage facilities, electrical facilities and other elements of the construction site.
Principles for the development of SCS:
1) CST solutions must meet the requirements of construction and installation work and provide for the household needs of builders;
2) CST decisions must be rational.
a) maximum use of inventory buildings, structures, devices;
b) the length of temporary roads and communications should be minimal;
c) provide for the possibility of using an auxiliary building and structure for the needs of construction;
d) use temporary roads along the route of permanent ones, etc .;
3) The solutions of the GTS must meet the requirements of the standards (safety measures, industrial sanitation).
After drawing up a construction schedule, graphs of the movement of workers are drawn under it (table 9), the supply of building structures, products, materials and equipment to the object (table 10) and the movement of the main construction machines along the object (table 11). In an effort to draw up a uniform schedule for the movement of workers, it is prohibited to violate the technology of construction production, processes, as well as safety rules. If the schedule does not meet the above requirements, it is subject to adjustment, while changing the timing of work or the number of workers for individual work. Graphs are linear, basic specialties, materials, machines are accepted.
Table 9
Table 10
Delivery schedule to the object of building structures, products,
materials and equipment
Schedule of movement of the main construction machines on the object
Table 11
Determination of the need for basic building structures, materials and products. Determination of the need for an object is made on the basis of the list of volumes of work (Table 5), taking into account the consumption of structures, materials or products according to the norms per unit of work according to the RESN or other norms, taking into account the calculations performed.
The data is entered into the statement of the need for building structures, products and materials (Table 12).
Table 12
The need for building structures, products and materials
5.2.5. Technical and economic indicators according to the calendar plan
Duration of construction, year, month;
Total labor intensity of work, man-days;
Labor intensity of erection per 1m 3 of the building, man-day / m 3
q= Q about / Q
where Q- construction volume of the building, m 3
Q about - total labor intensity of work on the object, man-days.
Labor productivity,%
Coefficient of uneven movement of workers, K p
The coefficient of uneven movement of workers is determined by the ratio of the maximum number of workers according to the calendar schedule to the average per day and should not exceed 1.5-2.
TO n = N max / N Wed , N Wed = Q about /T NS
Coefficient of combining processes, K s
TO with = T with /T NS
where T c is the total duration of the execution of all construction processes, if they were performed sequentially,
T pr - the duration of the construction of the facility according to the schedule of the day;
Worker movement schedule at the construction site - a special schedule that is developed in order to understand the real number of people,
working on a construction site, it is necessary to pay attention to the schedule and to demolish the number of working people down the columns.
For example, one day simultaneously roofing and finishing work is underway, which means that it is necessary to add up the number of people employed in the first and second jobs. These amounts must be clearly displayed. For this there is work schedule at the construction site.
When compiling it, you must be guided by the following rules. Firstly, it is important to draw up a proper timetable to avoid jumps in the movement of workers. Second, you need to view the smooth start and finish of construction. The correctness of the scheduling is checked by identifying the maximum and average number of people involved in construction for the entire period.
If work schedule is drawn up incorrectly, the coefficients will reveal it. Thanks to the movement schedule of workers, you can see how many workers are involved on a given day. It is also taken into account when
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