Stonehenge (English Stonehenge, lit. "stone henge") megalithic structure in Wiltshire, England, which is a complex of ring and horseshoe-shaped earthen and stone structures. It is one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world.

Stonehenge was erected at the turn of the Stone and Bronze Ages. Moreover, the creation of this amazing magical place took place in several stages. The first occurs around 3100 BC. It was then that a moat and an internal earthen rampart were created in the form of a circle, 115 m in diameter, 2.5 m wide and 5080 cm high. Almost a thousand years later, the "construction" of what would become the main foundation of Stonehenge began. Eighty large stones were brought to the Salisbury Plain. They were installed inside the ditch in two concentric circles on the outer and inner sides of a semi-ellipse of triplets. Several centuries later, a ring of thirty huge sandstone monoliths 31 m in diameter was erected. True, at present only 17 of them are left to stand. Around 1800 BC, Stonehenge was again "reconstructed" and has already acquired the look we are used to.

The plan highlights: 1 Altar stone, a six-ton ​​monolith of green mica sandstone from Wales 2-3 Mounds without graves 4 Slaughter Stone, scaffold 5 Heel Stone 6 Two of the original four standing upright stones 7 Moat (ditch) 8 Inner rampart 9 Outer rampart of 10 Avenue, that is, a parallel pair of ditches and ramparts leading 3 km to the Avon River; these shafts are now subtle 11, 12 Rings of 30 holes 13 Circle of 56 holes, known as Aubrey holes 14 Small south entrance

It is difficult to establish the true purpose of Stonehenge since there are no inscriptions, marks, nothing at all on the ancient stones. One of the most common scientific theories about the purpose of Stonehenge says that it was most likely an ancient astronomical observatory, thanks to which the priests could calculate lunar and solar days, mark the dates of important holidays, and so on.

Professor J. Mitchell, having carried out a computer analysis of Stonehenge and tried to restore the original appearance of Stonehenge with the help of modern digital technologies, concluded that it is, no more, no less, an accurate model of the solar system in cross section. At the same time, the ancient astronomers proceeded from the fact that there are not nine, but twelve planets in the solar system, two of which are located beyond the orbit of Pluto. And the third planet, even more put the scientist in riddles, because it was supposed to be between the orbit of Mars and Jupiter, and in this place is the asteroid belt.

It is also often claimed that Stonehenge was used for burials. After the excavations, scientists came to the conclusion that in total about 240 people were buried in Stonehenge, who were cremated before burial. At the same time, archaeologists believe that most likely representatives of the local elite or the ruling dynasty were buried here.

English writer and historian Tom Brooks, as a result of his many years of research, concluded that Stonehenge was part of a giant navigation system consisting of isosceles triangles, the apex of each of which pointed to the next point

Back in the 20s of the last century, the famous geologist H. Thomas established. that the stones for the construction of the complex were delivered from the quarries. which were more than 300 kilometers from the construction site! Needless to say, transporting the giant stone blocks was an incredible effort.

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We, pupils of grade 6A - Denis Grechko, Daria Guida, Makar Kostyuchenko and Anastasia Frolova present you a project - "Secrets of Stonehenge".

2 slide In the very center of Europe, there is a stone mystery - a giant Stonehenge structure.It is one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world..

3 slide The purpose of our project is to study the history of occurrence and legends associated with the monument of historical heritage.

4 slide The tasks that we solved in the course of our work were as follows:

1. Get acquainted with the history of the creation of Stonehenge.

2. Study of various legends about Stonehenge.

3. Summarize and systematize the information received.

4. Prepare a presentation

5 slide We learned that StonehengeCRY is located about 130 km southwest of London.

6 slide The modern name of the monument was given by the Saxon conquerors of Britain - it comes from the wordsstan ( stone-stone) andhange ( hinge- rod or fence) is not the only translation, here are a few more: blue stones, hanging stones. The ancient British called it the Dance of the Giants or the Round Dance of the Giants.

See what Stonehenge looks like today.

7 slide Film fragment

8 slide Stonehenge is a kind of structure consisting of vertically installed large megalith stones located along several circular perimeters.

9 slide About 40 stones form a circle with a diameter of 33 m, their height is a little over 4 meters, and their weight is 25 tons. On top of them are laid stones-lintels with a length of more than 3 m in such a way that the tops of the lintels are at a height of slightly less than 5 meters above ground level.

10 slide During the construction of Stonehenge, stones of two types were used: strong boulders from which trilites were formed, smaller dolerites. Famous scientists have established that the stones for the construction of Stonehenge were delivered from quarries, which were located more than 300 km from the construction site.

11 slide Stonehenge is called the "stone riddle" because scientists and archaeologists are still unable to answer the questions of who and why erected this monument on the territory of modern England. It was considered a palace, a temple, a tombstone, a defensive structure, and even a special device for hunting wild animals. There are over 200 versions. We present to your attention 4 of the most popular.

Makar Kostyuchenko will talk about the first two.Slide 12

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The first version.

Slide 13 It first appeared in 1136 and says that the construction of the megalith was associated with the name of the legendary British wizard Merlin.He moved Stonehenge from the land near the Dnieper rapids to the meadows of England. In a new place, the granite structure froze in its grandeur.

Slide 14 Mighty Merlin was King Arthur's mentor and advisor -the legendary leader of the Britons in the V-VI centuries... Thus, according to this legend, King Arthur and (Slide 15) its knights of the round table used Stonehenge for their meetings.

Slide 16 Apparently the largest trilith was the image of King Arthur himself, and the rest of the knights were imprinted in boulders, inextricably connected by powerful ceilings. The whole complex was an image of a knightly brotherhood, bound by the bonds of honor and friendship.Slide 17

Slide 18 The next version says that Stonehenge is the tomb of a woman named Boadicea or Boudicca.This woman was the wife of the chief of the Itsen tribe. The Izeni were one of the tribes of the Britons (Celts) who inhabited the southeastern region of Britain during the Roman rule.

Slide 19 The leader of the Itzenes led the war against Rome, but was killed. His wife continued his work. But in a fierce battle, the prices were defeated.

A warlike and courageous woman did not want to surrender to the Romans. She took poison. This tragic fact happened in 61 AD.

Slide 20 Boudicca has become a symbol of Britain; in the center of London, a monument has been erected to this fearless woman.

Slide 21 Boudicca's funeral was a splendid sight. On the last journey, the Romans, the Icenas, and other tribes of the Britons accompanied her. Where her body is buried is unknown. Hence the legend that tells that especially for a fearless woman, as a sign of respect for her, the Romans built an extensive stone burial - Stonehenge.

The next version will be presented by Grechko Denis.Slide 22

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Slide 23 The next version looks more like a legend.In the 19th century, it was decided that this was the place of power for the Druids.Druids worshiped the spirits of nature, were considered diviners and were the carriers of ancient knowledge among the Celtic tribes. Theyalso served as judges, practiced medicine and astronomy.Druids passed on information of the past orally, from generation to generation, in the form of poems or legends. They were talented and creative people.

Slide 24 At present, they can be called the intelligentsia of the Celtic peoples. It was they who allegedly built Stonehenge. He was their sanctuary, served as a gathering place for this intellectual creative elite.

Slide 25 Here the druids performedserious rituals, combining their communal forces with the forces of nature - it was believed that the megalith is located at the intersection of energy lines.

Slide 26 All these legends - about the Wizard Merlin, Boudicca and the druids, most likely have nothing to do with reality.CRY Using the radiocarbon method, scientists were able to prove that Stonehenge was built when there were no druids or Merlin.

Slide 27 Excavations were carried out on the territory of Stonehenge and a burial of about 240 people was found, who were cremated before burial. At the same time, archaeologists believe that most likely representatives of the local elite or the ruling dynasty were buried here.

Slide 28 Scientists have established the age of the bones found. Most of the remains date back to 2570 BC, and the first piece of ashes, which was discovered in the oldest part of Stonehenge, dates back to 3030 BC.

I give the floor to Nastya, she will tell you about another very widespread version of Stonehenge.Slide 29

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Slide 30 There is also speculation that Stonehenge was a place for astronomical observations of ancient people: the location of the stones is tied to the apparent annual movement of the Sun. In different months, the star closest to our planet shines at different intervals between the stones, and on the day of the summer solstice the sun rises over the so-called Heel stone, carried out beyond the large circle of the structure.

And only thanks to the many years of work of the English professor and astronomerGerald Hawkins , who used the latest electronic computing technology in his research, managed to prove that Stonehenge was the largest megalithic observatory of ancient civilizations, according to the position of the megaliths, solar and lunar eclipses, the days of the winter and summer solstices, etc.

In 1998, astronomer scientists recreated the original appearance of Stonehenge using a computer and conducted various studies. Their findings were shocking to many.

It turns out that this ancient monolith is not only a solar and lunar calendar, as previously assumed, but also representsan accurate cross-sectional model of the solar system. According to this model, the solar system consists not of nine, but oftwelveplanets, two of which are beyond the orbit of Pluto, and one more - between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, where the asteroid belt is now located. In principle, this model confirms the assumptions of modern astronomical science and is fully consistent with the views of many ancient peoples who also believed that the number of planets in our solar system is twelve.

CRY

Darya We have done a lot of work on a project on the theme of "Stonehenge".

Denis The result of our work is as follows: modern people reliablyonly age is known this colossal building.

Nastya Butby whom and for what purpose Stonehenge was erected while it remains an unsolved mystery.cry

Makar The famous English artist John Constable painted the painting "Stonehenge". His

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Stonehenge

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In southern England, on the Salisbury Plain, there are the remains of an ancient stone temple. The stones form a composition of vertically installed menhirs, forming a circle with a diameter of 29.6 meters. This circle of stones is connected from above by horizontally lying flat stones.

This is an ancient structure located in England, Now archaeologists agree that this architectural monument was erected in three stages between 3500 and 1100. BC.

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Stages of construction of Stonehenge.

At the beginning (3100-2800 BC) a ring ditch was made with two embankments, open from the northeast. In front of the entrance to the ring, four holes were dug, the purpose of which is unknown. Two more holes were made on the lintel of the ends of the inner embankment. The heel stone - the first stone of Stonehenge - was dug in 30 meters from the ring to the southeast of the axis of the entrance. 56 holes were dug inside the ring, forming a vicious circle.

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The final phase began around 2100 BC. Near the center there is a "horseshoe" of five "triliths" (groups of two vertical and horizontal stones set in the form of the letter "P"). Triliths are surrounded by a ring of 30 vertically standing stones covered with horizontal ones. The axis of the "horseshoe" coincides with the main axis of the complex. Triliths are 6, 6, 5 and 7, 2 m high.

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In the very heart of Stonehenge, a six-ton ​​monolith of green mica sandstone, the so-called "Altar", was erected. In addition, the northeastern entrance was moved slightly to the side and widened so that it looked exactly at the sunrise on the day of the summer solstice.

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Russian Stonehenge. Mount Vottovaara.

In the early 90s, on the northwestern coast of Lake Onega, a Neolithic sanctuary was opened, called Pegrema, which included zoomorphic idols, sandstone discs, etc., which testified to the development of a religious and magical cult and deep skills in stone processing from our distant ancestors.
In 1993, the now widely known, but still insufficiently studied, ancient pagan complex on Mount Vottovaara, in the Muezersky region, was discovered.

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At the top of Vottovaara, on an area of ​​about 6 km, there are huge rectangular stones, amazing structures made of stones in the form of a regular circle, called cromlechs by archaeologists, and about 1600 seid stones, laid in some mysterious order.

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Stonehenge (English Stonehenge, literally "stone henge") is a megalithic structure in Wiltshire, England, which is a complex of ring and horseshoe-shaped earthen and stone structures. It is one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world.

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It is located about 130 km southwest of London, about 3.2 km west of Amesbury and 13 km north of Salisbury.

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Stonehenge was erected at the turn of the Stone and Bronze Ages. Moreover, the creation of this amazing magical place took place in several stages. The first occurs around 3100 BC. It was then that a ditch and an internal earthen rampart were created in the form of a circle, 115 m in diameter, 2.5 m wide and 50-80 cm high. Almost a thousand years later, the "construction" of what would become the main foundation of Stonehenge began. Eighty large stones were brought to the Salisbury Plain. They were installed inside the ditch in two concentric circles - on the outer and inner sides of the semi-ellipsatrilites. Several centuries later, a ring of thirty huge sandstone monoliths 31 m in diameter was erected. True, at present only 17 of them are left to stand. Around 1800 BC, Stonehenge was again "reconstructed" and has already acquired the look we are used to.

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The plan highlights: 1 - Altar stone, a six-ton ​​monolith of green mica sandstone from Wales 2-3 - Mounds without graves 4 - A fallen stone 4.9 meters long (SlaughterStone - scaffold) 5 - Heelstone (HeelStone) 6 - Two from the original four vertically standing stones 7 - Moat (ditch) 8 - Inner rampart 9 - Outer rampart 10 - Avenue, that is, a parallel pair of ditches and ramparts leading 3 km to the Avon River; these ramparts are now barely visible 11, 12 - Rings of 30 holes 13 - Circle of 56 holes, known as Aubreyholes 14 - Small South Entrance Stonehenge Plan

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It is difficult to establish the true purpose of Stonehenge since there are no inscriptions, marks, nothing at all on the ancient stones. One of the most common scientific theories about the purpose of Stonehenge says that it was most likely an ancient astronomical observatory, thanks to which the priests could calculate lunar and solar days, mark the dates of important holidays, and so on.

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Professor J. Mitchell, conducting a computer analysis of Stonehenge and trying to restore the original appearance of Stonehenge with the help of modern digital technologies, concluded that it is, no less, an accurate model of the solar system in cross section. At the same time, ancient astronomers proceeded from the fact that there are not nine, but twelve planets in the solar system, two of which are beyond the orbit of Pluto. And the third planet, even more put the scientist in riddles, because it was supposed to be between the orbit of Mars and Jupiter, and in this place is the asteroid belt.

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It is also often claimed that Stonehenge was used for burials. After the excavations, scientists came to the conclusion that in total about 240 people were buried in Stonehenge, who were cremated before burial. At the same time, archaeologists believe that most likely representatives of the local elite or the ruling dynasty were buried here.

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English writer and historian Tom Brooks, as a result of his many years of research, concluded that Stonehenge was part of a giant navigation system consisting of isosceles triangles, the apex of each of which pointed to the next point

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