Ecological problems of water treatment in the mining industry. Environmental problems of mining industry Environmental and environmental problems of the mining industry

Bazarova Sayana Balzhinimaevna
Baikal Institute of Nature Management, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
[email protected]

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The modern scale of mining production is characterized by intensive use of natural resources, the growth of waste and the deterioration of the quality of the environment. In this regard, more and more attention is paid to the issue of economically justified and environmentally safe operation of a mining enterprise. The specifics of the impact of a particular mining enterprise on the environment is due to the geological and geochemical features of the deposits and the equipment and technology used for its development. The article considers an example of the analysis of the content of environmental protection measures and the main directions environmental activities mining enterprise, as well as the eco-efficiency of the environmental policy being pursued.

Keywords

mining production, region, environmental policy

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Bazarova Sayana Balzhinimaevna

The impact of mining enterprises on the ecosystem of the region and the assessment of the effectiveness of their environmental activities// Regional Economics and Management: electronic scientific journal. ISSN 1999-2645. - . Article number: 1008. Publication date: 2007-06-25. Access mode: https://site/article/1008/

Bazarova Sayana Balzhinimaevna
Baikal Institute of Nature Management, Siberian Branch of RAS
[email protected]

Abstract

The modern scale mining operations are characterized by intensive use of natural resources, the growth of waste and environmental degradation. In this regard, more attention is paid to the economically sound and environmentally safe operation of mining companies. Specificity of the specific impact of mining on the environment due to the geological and geochemical features of deposits and used equipment and technology for its development. The article presents an example of content analysis of environmental measures and the key environmental performance of mining companies, as well as eco-efficiency is defined pursued environmental policies.

keywords

mining production area, the environmental policy

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Bazarova Sayana Balzhinimaevna

Impact of mining on the ecosystem of the region and the assessment of the effectiveness of their environmental performance. Regional economy and management: electronic scientific journal. . Art. #1008. Date issued: 2007-06-25. Available at: https://website/article/1008/

The mining industry is characterized by an intense impact on the environment, inevitably causing its change. In the process of production, the fully or partially established ecological state in the areas where industrial facilities are located (mines, mines, processing plants) is violated.

These changes are manifested in various combinations of negative phenomena, the most important of which are the alienation of territories necessary for mining for mining, depletion and pollution of underground and surface waters, flooding and swamping of undermined territories, dehydration and salinization of soils, pollution by harmful substances and chemical elements of the atmosphere. air unfavorable for local ecological systems, hydrogeological and geochemical changes, changes in the microclimate.

The damage caused to the environment by mining operations is also aggravated by the variety of negatively influencing factors generated by other industries developed in the same area, urban development, transport communications, etc.

The main factor in the transformation of the environment are man-made processes that are formed during the operation of various mining facilities.

The main areas of impact of mining enterprises on the environment are:

withdrawal of mineral and raw materials (fuel and energy resources, non-ferrous and ferrous metals, mining and chemical raw materials, hydro-mineral resources) and environmental resources (land, water, air, flora, fauna);
chemical and thermal pollution of the biosphere;
physical impact (acoustic, electromagnetic, radioactive).

These impacts can be:

global;
local - manifested in a zone with a radius of 15 to 70-100 km .;
regional - covering vast territories at a distance of up to 1000-1500 km.

The nature of pollutants entering the atmosphere, water bodies, and soil is determined by:

maximum one-time emission and discharge;
annual emission, discharge of pollutants.

The scale of extraction of solid minerals from the bowels depends on the mining technology, which can be both open-pit and underground. Mining operations, depending on the technology, cause significant changes in the environment, such as disturbance of the surface above the mined-out areas of deposits and the formation of rock dumps and dumps of off-balance ores in the mining area.

The most severe violations of the earth's surface are observed during the extraction of minerals from the bowels of the open method, large areas are allocated for the development of deposits, which in most cases, after completion of the work, are excluded from local ecological systems. Subsequently, the “worked out” territories become centers of erosion processes, involving more and more new plots of land, while changing the landscape of the area.

The development of mineral deposits by the underground method, requiring significantly smaller areas for mining allotment, does not cause such significant disturbances and changes in landscapes and infrastructure as open pit mining, but it is also accompanied by significant changes in the environment, which are mainly related to the nature of the displacement of overlying massifs. rocks.

When the quality of the environment changes, the mining enterprise ultimately affects:

industrial enterprise personnel;
population (living and health conditions);
the environment of the region;
industrial facilities;
historical and cultural monuments.

The scale of the impact of a mining enterprise on the ecosystem of the region is characterized by a quantitative assessment of the impact objects.

The level of this impact is determined based on:

calculations of dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere;
calculation of emissions and discharges of pollutants into the atmosphere and water bodies;
calculation of the level of physical types of impact outside the sanitary protection zone and in the populated area;
calculation of water consumption, water balance of the adjacent zone.

When assessing the quality of the natural environment and its transformation as a result of technogenic impact, the following main characteristics are considered:

water quality - drinking, household, technical;
characteristics of the main watercourse used as a source of water supply for economic purposes, which is a significant landscape object;
air quality;
condition of the soil, swamps;
the structure of forests and forest vegetation, resistance to technogenic impact, the possible level of stabilization of the processes of degradation of forests and vegetation;
climatic features of the area;
composition and population of fish stocks in reservoirs and streams.

A comprehensive assessment of the consequences of the functioning of mining enterprises in the region is given on the basis of a system of indicators characterizing:

change in the conditions of human life;
the possibility of degradation of the natural environment due to the violation of the stability of the ecosystem;
change in regional socio-economic indicators.

The specifics of the impact of a particular mining enterprise on the environment is due to the geological and geochemical features of the deposits and the equipment and technology used for its development. Geological and geochemical features are expressed by the difference in the associations of chemical elements of specific mineral deposits. The spread of pollutants in technological chains is associated with the technology of extraction and processing of minerals.

Technogenic changes in the environment during the development of mineral deposits, especially if it is carried out for a long time, captures large territories that are incomparable in area with the areas of mining allotments.
Thus, in the aggregate manifestation of a large complex of technogenic processes in the area of mining enterprises, the technogenesis of the mountain profile is formed, as a result of the intensive impact of which the transformation of the upper part of the lithosphere and the environment as a whole takes place.

Let us consider the current state of the impact of the mining enterprise OJSC Buryatzoloto on individual elements of the natural environment (atmosphere, water and land resources), analyze the content of environmental protection measures and the main areas of environmental activity, and also determine the eco-efficiency of the environmental policy being pursued.

JSC Buryatzoloto is a sustainable gold mining company that develops gold deposits. The company is one of the largest gold producers in Russian Federation(fifth place in 2005 in terms of gold production) and occupies a strategic position in the Republic of Buryatia and adjacent areas, which have a high potential for the development of the mining industry.

The contribution of OJSC Buryatzoloto to the economy of the Republic of Buryatia is significant and can be reflected in the following indicators: providing permanent employment for more than 4,000 people (as of January 1, 2007) and paying 600 million rubles to the budgets of various levels in 2006. in the form of taxes and deductions.

In 2005 OJSC Buryatzoloto increased its share in the Republican gold mining to 64% (of which 98.9% comes from primary deposits). Since 1993, there has been an increase in the volume of gold production (Fig. 1).

Fig.1. Dynamics of gold production volumes and total cash costs of OJSC Buryatzoloto

The main problems in the implementation of the production strategy at Buryatzoloto OJSC are related to the fact that the gold content in the mined ore decreases at the developed deposits, the confirmed ore reserves decrease, the production cost increases, due to the deterioration of the mining and geological conditions of the mining of deposits associated with a deeper occurrence of ores . Also, in the conditions of gold mining and processing, there is a negative impact of the gold mining enterprise Buryatzoloto OJSC on the environment.

The main type of impact of the enterprise on the state of the air basin is air pollution by pollutant emissions.

fuel combustion products;
emissions of gaseous and particulate matter from various industries;
exhaust gases from vehicles;
evaporation from chemical and fuel storage tanks;
dust from the surface of a quarry, dumps, tailings, from units for loading, unloading and sorting bulk materials.

The sources of impact on the atmospheric air at this gold mining enterprise include 103 point, line or area objects of emissions of suspended and chemical pollutants, of which 56 sources are organized. According to the functional purpose, the sources of influence are associated with the activities of various production facilities of the enterprise.

Each emission source is characterized by size, height, configuration, intensity of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere, orientation and location on the ground. The amount of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere is determined based on the analysis technological processes production.

The structure of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere in 2005 is characterized by the following: 63% solids and 37% gaseous and liquid. The enterprise utilizes 35% of all generating emissions, respectively, 65% of pollutants enter the atmosphere. At the same time, 53% of solid substances and only 5% of liquid and gaseous substances are utilized.

All emissions do not exceed the environmental standards established for the enterprise. In 2005, the maximum allowable impact of pollutants on the atmosphere was 2232 tons, and in fact 1405 tons of pollutants were formed, i.e. 37% less than allowed, which is 827 tons. Basically, this was a consequence of the commissioning of a high-voltage power transmission line with a voltage of 110 thousand volts at the Kholbinsky mine. The environmental quality standard has not been revised.

An analysis of the dynamics of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from 1999 to 2005 shows that, starting from 2002, emissions have significantly decreased. In 2003, compared to 2000, they halved, despite the growth in gold mining, in 2003 it amounted to over 20%.

In the course of its production activities, the enterprise takes water for domestic and drinking and production needs, and also discharges domestic wastewater into domestic wastewater landfills. Wastewater is not discharged into water bodies, with the exception of mine water from some adits. All this leads to the impact and pollution of the hydrographic network in the territory where production is located.

In 2005, 84% of all used wastewater was diverted, of which 15% was not treated, and 85% was insufficiently treated. The volume of water consumed from natural sources is 29%.

During the period from 1999 to 2005, 25% of wastewater was discharged without treatment, and 75% were insufficiently treated. The volume of water consumed from natural sources was 33%.

Sources of surface and groundwater pollution are:

domestic waste water;
mine waters;
circulating waters from the tailings of enrichment shops;
recycled water from the tailing dump of the hydrometallurgy shop;
surface runoff from residential areas and industrial sites;
precipitation falling on the surface of water bodies and containing dust and pollutants from industrial emissions;
places of production waste storage;
landfills for municipal and household waste.

The source of water supply for production facilities of mining sites, industrial sites and shift camps are underground water sources. Water is consumed in the technological process of workshops, for cooling technological equipment, for feeding heating networks and the circulating system. Pumping stations are equipped for water supply. Water from pumping stations is supplied to pressure tanks of various capacities.

Mine drainage water is also used as a source of industrial water supply for hydro-dedusting during mining. For operation of the compressor room, a circulating water supply system is provided.
According to its chemical composition, mine waters are completely identical to the natural waters of the surface runoff of rivers. Only suspended solids and oil products exceed the background values. Before being discharged into the river, mine waters are cleaned in a sump, where suspended solids and oil products are captured. The degree of purification of mine waters complies with the norms of maximum allowable discharge. At the confluence of mine waters from adits to the river, there is a slight increase in the concentration of pollutants, but in the control section, 300 meters below the sump, the concentration of pollutants remains within their background content.

During the operation of industrial facilities, the issues of disposal and storage, and further disposal and disposal of waste, are of particular relevance. Industrial waste requires not only large areas for storage, but also pollutes the atmosphere, territory, surface and groundwater with harmful substances, dust, gaseous emissions.

In 2005, the enterprise generated 876.9 thousand tons of production and consumption waste, of which 447.8 thousand tons were generated at the Kholbinsky mine, which is 51% (flotation tailings 220.8 thousand tons - 49%, rock - 141.4 thousand tons - 31%, sorption tailings - 14.2 thousand tons - 3%, domestic wastewater - 68.4 thousand tons - 15%) and at the Irokinda mine - 429, 0 thousand tons - 49% of all waste generated (flotation tailings 230.7 thousand tons - 53%, rock - 129.9 thousand tons - 30%, domestic wastewater -66.3 thousand tons - 16 %).

For the period 1999–2005 there was an increase in the amount of waste, this is due to an increase in gold mining and a decrease in the average metal content in the ore by 13%. In 1999, the average grade of gold in the ore was 10.5 g/t, in 2005 it was 9.15 g/t.

Most of the waste (more than 98%) belongs to the 5th hazard class. At the facilities owned by the enterprise, 88% of the waste generated during the year is stored for storage, which does not contribute to reducing the harmful impact on the environment, including land and water resources.

The area of land leased by OJSC Buryatzoloto to accommodate production facilities and ensure its operation is 766 hectares. There are no protected areas or other objects protected by law in this territory. In agricultural production, these lands were not used before the construction of the mines.

In total, there are two types of technogenic impact on the lands leased by OJSC Buryatzoloto:

the zone of direct impact of technogenesis, this is the zone of industrial sites and shift camps;
the zone of indirect influence of technogenesis is the adjacent territory.

The territory of continuous technogenic impact occupies only 0.4% of the area of river valleys. In such areas, the vegetation cover begins restoration activity almost from zero moment, and the natural restoration of the soil and vegetation cover will last for decades, that is, there is an actual natural rehabilitation of disturbed lands. Despite the self-healing natural processes, the resulting resulting ecosystems will not quite resemble natural ones. However, the volume and area of such secondary ecosystems in the river valleys are negligibly small for assessing irreversible changes in the biota of the region.

For the environmental and economic assessment of the functioning of a mining enterprise, we calculate the following indicators:

The environmental efficiency of the system for purification and disposal of emissions into the atmosphere at OJSC Buryatzoloto in 2005 amounted to:

496:1405=0,35
496 - the amount of captured (utilized, neutralized) harmful substances;
1405 is the amount of generated pollutants (discharges, emissions, wastes).

Thus, 35% of pollutants were disposed of, which means low environmental efficiency of environmental protection equipment used at the enterprise;

the level of the negative impact of the production activities of JSC "Buryatzoloto" on the atmospheric air in 2005 amounted to:

n=1405:2232=0.63
2232 is the standardized amount of emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment for a given enterprise.
The negative impact of the enterprise on the atmosphere is much less than established by the approved standards;

The environmental efficiency of measures for the protection of land is determined by the coefficient of reclaimed land, which in 2005 was equal to:

20:21=0,95;
20 - area of reclaimed (restored) lands, ha;
21 — area of disturbed and subject to restoration lands, ha.
The proportion of reclaimed land in the total area of disturbed and subject to restoration is 95%, which means a fairly high eco-efficiency of land protection measures;

specific environmental efficiency of marketable products in 2005 was:

18 471:4 775=3,87
4775 kg. — gold production in 2005
The reduced mass of actual waste, emissions (discharges) into the environment amounted to 18471 tons.
Thus, for 1 kg. marketable products account for 3.87 kg. contaminants. This indicator is not compared with the industry average standards for the environmental efficiency of manufactured products, due to their absence;

The specific environmental efficiency of OJSC Buryatzoloto in 2005 amounted to:

18471:4275=4,32

4275 - payroll number of industrial and production personnel as of January 01, 2006.
Thus, 4.32 kg. pollutants per employee in production;

environmental efficiency of current environmental costs in 2005 for the enterprise amounted to:

\u003d 6462: 764 \u003d 8.46 kg. captured pollutants account for 1 ruble of current costs;
— for the protection of water bodies:
\u003d 6.4: 1089 \u003d 5.89 g of neutralized harmful substances account for 1 ruble of current costs;
- for land reclamation:
=20:1293=0.0015 ha. reclaimed land accounts for 1,000 rubles of current costs;

The environmental efficiency of eco-investments for environmental protection measures in 2005 at OJSC Buryatzoloto was:

- for the protection of atmospheric air:
\u003d 6462: 200 \u003d 32.31 kg. captured pollutants account for 1 ruble of capital expenditures;
— to protect water bodies;
\u003d 6.4: 9902 \u003d 0.64 g of neutralized harmful substances account for 1 ruble of capital costs.
There were no capital expenditures for land reclamation in 2005;

Let us determine the savings received by the enterprise from the use of production waste, from the disposal of substances captured from emissions into the environment and returned to the production process.

The main volume of waste - waste rock and flotation tailings - is used for stowing operations in goaf. Ash and slag from coal combustion is used for backfilling roads, wood bark to increase the calorific value of coal.

The calculation was made according to the data of the enterprise for 2005 (Table 1). The source of the price of the substances used and disposed of is the cost estimate of the relevant work performed in the enterprise.

Table 1 - Calculation of savings from the use of production waste and disposal of trapped harmful substances in 2005 at OJSC Buryatzoloto

Substance name	Quantity, t.	Price, rub./t.	Savings, thousand rubles
Empty rocks
Flotation tailings
tree bark
Trim natural clean wood
Sawdust of natural clean wood
coal chips
Ash and slag from coal combustion
Ash coal
Dust inorganic (70-20% SiO2)
wood dust
Total			The environmental and economic efficiency of the environmental policy pursued by OJSC Buryatzoloto in 2005 is equal to: 150197: (3978+10102+133 571) =1,02 Thus, the environmental policy pursued by JSC Buryatzoloto is economically efficient. The environmental and economic assessment of the functioning of the gold mining enterprise JSC "Buryatzoloto" indicates the effectiveness of the environmental activities carried out. The analysis of the interaction of the gold mining enterprise JSC "Buryatzoloto" with the natural environment of the region showed that during the operation of the mining enterprise, significant industrial emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment are formed. In this situation, the economic activity of a mining enterprise should be justified both economically and environmentally. It is necessary to search for economically justified economic solutions that allow developing production taking into account the quality standards of the region's natural environment. Bibliographic list: Geological exploration and mining industry of Buryatia: past, present, future. - Ulan-Ude: publishing house of the Buryat State University, 2002. - 272 p. Darzhaeva S.I. Efficiency of using the subsoil of the region (on the example of the Republic of Buryatia). - Novosibirsk: Publishing House of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2004.-112 p. OVOZ JSC "Buryatzoloto". Siberian State Design and Survey Institute for Precious Metals "Sibgiprozoloto", Novosibirsk, 1997 References: Exploration and Mining Buryatia: Past, Present and Future. - Ulan-Ude: Buryat State University Publishing House, 2002. - 272 . S. Darzhaeva Efficient use of mineral resources in the region (in the case of the Republic of Buryatia). - Novosibirsk : Publishing House of SB RAS, 2004.-112 p. EIA of "Buryatzoloto." Siberian State Design and Research Institute for Precious Metals "Sibgiprozoloto", Novosibirsk, 1997

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1 UDC Kuzmenkova A.M. Scientific guide Morzak G.I. Environmental problems of the mining industry The mining industry is a complex of industries for the exploration of mineral deposits, their extraction from the bowels of the earth and primary processing and enrichment. Every year, the technogenic impact on the environment of enterprises in this industry is increasing, as mineral resources have to be mined in increasingly difficult conditions - from a greater depth, in difficult conditions of occurrence, with a low content of a valuable component. The mining industry is divided into: 1. fuel (oil, natural gas, coal, shale, peat); 2. ore mining (iron ore, manganese ore, extraction of ores of non-ferrous metals, precious and rare metals, radioactive elements); 3. industry of non-metallic minerals or building materials (extraction of marble, granite, asbestos, chalk, dolomite, quartzite, feldspar, limestone); 4. Mining and chemical (extraction of apatite, potash salts, nepheline, saltpeter, phosphate raw materials); 5. hydro-mineral (mineral underground water, water for water supply and other purposes). The peculiarities of nature management in the field of the extractive industry is that the corresponding enterprises are created directly 118

2 at the field itself; their production capacity and service life mainly depend on the size (volume) of mineral reserves. The extractive industry is characterized by scale and high specialization of production, which is why there is always a tendency for the consolidation of extractive companies. The extractive industry is a very large consumer material resources, primarily natural, and is accompanied by a large-scale impact on the natural environment. In the zone of action of mining enterprises, lands are withdrawn from agricultural circulation, the integrity of the earth's interior and water regime are violated, the earth's surface, water sources and air are polluted; in the end, new landscapes are formed, in many cases not meeting the conditions of normal human life. All methods of field development are characterized by an impact on the biosphere, affecting almost all of its elements: water and air basins, land, subsoil, flora and fauna. This impact can be both direct (direct) and indirect, which is a consequence of the first. The size of the zone of distribution of indirect impact significantly exceeds the size of the zone of localization of direct impact. Not only the element of the biosphere that is directly affected, but also other elements fall into the zone of distribution of indirect impact. In mining, the main types of activities in which certain environmental disturbances of varying intensity occur are: conducting mine workings for the extraction of minerals and maintenance of mining operations; 119

3 transportation of rock mass by rail, conveyor, motor transport or hydraulic method; mineral processing; storage of minerals and mineral waste and their subsequent disposal; ventilation of mine workings, neutralization and neutralization of harmful substances emitted into the atmosphere during the operation of machinery and equipment, dust suppression and dust collection; purposeful change in the properties of the rock mass where the working is located (freezing, grouting, thermal impact, etc.); power supply of mining enterprises; reclamation and stowing works; drainage and drainage measures. The main negative factors affecting the environment include: the use of natural and energy resources; subsidence of the earth's surface as a result of mining operations; the formation of a significant amount of enrichment waste with the alienation of land for their storage; emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment. During the extraction and processing of mineral raw materials, the atmosphere is polluted in the process of grinding and roasting natural and artificial materials, during which up to 2% of the processed mass of material can enter the atmosphere. The main emission is dust and gaseous emission. Opening of fields, drilling and blasting 120

4 work, loading and unloading of rocks and minerals, their transportation, crushing and screening, ore processing, removal, storage of waste lead to intense dusting. Emissions are formed during the enrichment of minerals, which consist of particles of the fossil itself and the rock. Open-pit mining of mineral deposits is usually characterized by more intense pollution of the atmosphere with harmful substances: dust and gaseous products generated during mass explosions and transport. During the development of mineral deposits, a significant amount of waste rocks is extracted along with them, and their significant accumulations form on the surface of the earth. As a rule, the extracted raw materials are subjected to further processing. If, for example, an ore contains 30% of a useful substance, then the remaining 70% of it is waste rock, which is separated during the enrichment process. Further, the concentrate, containing already approximately 60% of the useful substance, enters the technological stage, as a result of which waste is also created. Accumulations of waste form man-made formations on the surface of the earth. Often, waste is the cause of the formation of a catastrophic environmental situation in the region. Mining and chemical waste is generated during the mining and processing of ores. These ores are characterized by complex mineral composition, complexity and low content of the main component. Usually they are used as raw materials for the production of mineral fertilizers with the extraction of basic ones from it. Only the most studied ores are currently subjected to complex processing. Non-metallic group of waste generated during the extraction, enrichment and use of non-metallic 121

5 materials, is among the most large-tonnage. Their main mass occurs during the operation of quarries and mines that produce minerals mainly. Wastes from these enterprises are overburden, enrichment tailings and substandard products. The expansion of mining, the laying of engineering and transport communications lead to a sharp increase in areas with disturbed soils and relief. As you know, in the mining industry, the most economically attractive method is open pit mining, in which labor productivity is 5-6 times higher, and the cost of production is 2-3 times lower than in underground mining. But it is open-pit mining that is accompanied by the most significant disturbances in the landscape and hydrological conditions of the mining area and the violation or complete loss of the soil cover in large areas. It can be concluded that the expansion of mining, an increase in the extraction of minerals with existing technologies always results in a reduction in biologically productive lands and a violation of the existing ecological balance. Mining and chemical production enterprises are quite energy-intensive and energy-saturated. The main type of fuel currently used is natural gas (reserve fuel oil). In addition to electricity and fuel, enterprises consume thermal energy in the form of superheated steam and hot water. To generate a heat carrier in the form of hot water, superheated steam and a heat agent, a direct 122

6 fuel combustion, which today, taking into account the available technologies in the world, is not the best option. The main share in the consumed fuel and energy resources (FER) falls on electricity. In the problem of protecting the environment from the harmful effects of mining, there are many unresolved issues due to a number of reasons of an objective and subjective nature: insufficient justification of environmental restrictions in the technology of mining and processing of minerals; qualitative differences in the circulation of matter and energy in artificial (economic) systems compared to natural (ecological); contradictions between the requirements for improving the technical and economic indicators of mining and the need to maintain the biosphere in an optimal state; insufficient development of methods for the economic assessment of natural resources and the damage caused by mining to elements of the biosphere; departmental approach to the protection and rational use of natural resources; insufficient erudition of mining workers in environmental matters. If earlier environmental protection involved the development and implementation of measures only of a protective nature, now the level of development of production (and mining in particular) requires expanding this concept to include planned management of natural resources. The introduction of modern, reliable and energy-saving equipment is aimed at 123

7 uninterrupted supply of production with all types of energy. The main directions for reducing the consumption of fuel and energy resources for enterprises of the mining and chemical industry are: 1. reducing material costs (in the form of electricity costs) in the structure total costs; 2. introduction of modern technologies for generating own, cheaper electricity; 3. modernization of the technology for the production of thermal energy to the technologies available in world practice; 4. modernization of power and technological equipment; 5. actualization of the organizational structure of energy conservation management, the use of modern principles of energy conservation management. To minimize the harmful impact of production on the environment, mining and chemical enterprises develop and implement a number of measures. In particular, selective mining of mine fields is increasingly being used, in which productive layers are extracted, and waste rock is left in the mined-out area, which makes it possible to reduce the amount of waste generated, reduce the area of alienated land for the creation of waste storage facilities, and to a certain extent reduce subsidence of the earth's surface. To obtain systematic, operational and complete information on the state of the environment and sources of pollution, monitoring of the state of atmospheric air is carried out at the boundaries of the sanitary protection zones of enterprises, sources of emissions, surface and ground waters, soil, deformations of the earth's surface, etc. All this makes it possible to have 124

8 sufficiently complete information about the actual state of the environment. References 1. Trubetskoy K.N. Ecological problems of subsoil development in the sustainable development of nature and society / K. N. Trubetskoy, Yu.P. Galchenko, L. I. Burtsev. M.: Publishing house Nauchtehlitizdat, p. 2. Vronsky, V.A. Applied ecology: textbook / V.A. Vronsky - Rostov n / a .: Publishing house "Phoenix", p. 3. Slastunov S. V., Koroleva V. N. et al. Mining and the environment / Textbook. Moscow: Logos, p. 4. Energy characteristics of the enterprise [Electronic resource] / Open joint-stock company"Belaruskali". - Soligorsk, Access mode: characteristics of the enterprise /. 5. Andrizhievsky, A.A. Energy saving and energy management: textbook. allowance / A.A. Andrizhievsky, V.I. Volodin. Minsk: Higher School, p. 6. Shenets, L.V. The main directions of energy saving in the Republic of Belarus / L.V. Shenets//Energy Supervision and Energy Safety Romanyuk V.N. Energy consumption and energy saving potential in industrial heat technologies and heat power engineering /V.N. Romanyuk, D.B. Muslin, A.A. Bobich //Energy and Management C

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Introduction

In modern technologies extracting mineral resources, the primary destruction processes associated with drilling, blasting, splitting, grinding, transporting the rock mass, its processing, and enrichment predominate. These processes are accompanied by manifestations of rock pressure, displacement of rocks, rock bursts, sudden outbursts of gas, dust, endogenous and exogenous fires, etc. Often, some of them acquire a significant volume, especially dangerous for workers are explosions of gas and dust in coal mines.

1. Water treatment in the mining industry

In the global mining industry, water treatment and wastewater treatment are becoming increasingly important. The lack of water and the tightening of the rules for nature management have significantly changed the approaches to managing water resources at mining enterprises.

In order to be able to reuse it (as industrial water or to make up for water shortages in arid areas), improve the water consumption coefficient and be less dependent on the limitations of external water supply.

1 Rational use of water. Ways to improve the efficiency of water consumption and norms

Mining enterprises use huge amounts of water. Often, just one gold mine consumes hundreds of cubic meters of water every hour for technological operations. Wastewater of this volume can pose a serious danger to the environment and the public. No wonder water costs mining companies around the world more than $7 billion a year.

To the greatest extent, this is due to the tightening of standards for the rational use of water resources in this industry and the simultaneous strengthening of control over their observance. The new norms set limits for each component of emissions, maximum daily loads. Particular attention is paid to the protection of human health, aquatic flora and fauna.

Typical tasks and ways to solve them

Search and use of alternative sources for example:

Use of industrial wastewater

Use of treated municipal wastewater

Use of sea and brackish water

Use of surface water

Minimizing the use of imported water

A mine's investment in water treatment technology should be able to address wastewater compliance issues in the future, including in the face of significant fluctuations or possible changes in source/mine water quality.

2 Mining water sources

Surface waters (lakes, rivers, seas, etc.).

Underground waters or keys.

Municipal water (in cities).

Wastewater after secondary treatment (after biological treatment plants).

Water from a reservoir or mine (may include surface runoff, stormwater, mine infiltration, groundwater, mine effluent, or water from dewatering wells).

Waste storage/dumps.

Depending on the source of water and the site of its use in production, the contaminants contained in it can adversely affect production processes (equipment condition and production efficiency), the health of personnel and other people, and the state of the environment.

1.3 Water treatment technologies in the mining industry

The operation of a mining enterprise, the required purification technologies and the possibility of using water as drinking water depend on the quality of the water supplied to the enterprise from external sources.

To protect equipment (pumps, nozzles, coolers, longwall equipment), it is necessary to limit the content of mechanical impurities (TSS) in the water used in technological processes. For some applications it is also necessary to reduce the total mineralization (TDS) or electrical conductivity.

Water from external sources used at the enterprise as drinking water, including at remote work sites, must be purified from mechanical impurities and microorganisms to the level of compliance with current standards.

water for production processes can be obtained by recycling wastewater or discharged mine water for reuse. Alternative sources can also be used to produce process water, such as recycled pre-treated municipal wastewater, treated surface water or groundwater. Thus, water from these sources can be used in ore regeneration or mineral processing technologies, as make-up water for boilers or in cooling towers.

Formation water that has penetrated the mine, from dewatering wells, diverted from mines, liquid waste or saline process water can be recycled for reuse or discharge. Such treatment must ensure compliance with applicable local regulations governing the composition of water discharged to surface sources or injected into aquifers.

2. The need to assess and predict the degree of impact of mining enterprises on the environment (water resources)

Unfortunately, at the present stage of social development, mining activity is one of the most influencing human activities on the state of the natural environment.

Mining enterprises commissioned or planned for commissioning, from an environmental point of view, are significant sources of disturbance and pollution of all elements of the biosphere. Therefore, the assessment and forecast of the degree of their impact on the environment are very relevant and necessary, since they allow developing effective environmental measures in advance so as not to cause irreparable damage to the environment. Since humanity today cannot do without the extraction and processing of minerals in large volumes, the task of mountain ecology is to minimize the impact of their mining processes on the environment, which is important for ensuring life safety.

The fact is that during the extraction of minerals, almost all components of the ecosystem are negatively affected: relief, atmosphere, surface and ground waters, soil and vegetation cover, wildlife. In many cases, as a result of intensive mining and processing of rocks, a technogenic relief remains on the site of the once virgin natural landscape.

In modern technologies extracting mineral resources, primary destruction processes associated with drilling, blasting, splitting, grinding, transporting rock mass, its processing, and enrichment predominate. These processes are accompanied by manifestations of rock pressure, displacement of rocks, rock bursts, sudden outbursts of gas, dust, endogenous and exogenous fires, etc. Often, some of them acquire a significant volume, especially dangerous for workers are explosions of gas and dust in coal mines.

The most clearly possible types and scales of various types of impacts of mining activities on the ecosystem can be seen in the example of open and underground mining of coal deposits (Table 1).

The scale of the environmental impact of various methods of developing coal deposits in the Karaganda and Ekibastuz basins in Kazakhstan

Changeable environment and the nature of the negative manifestation of technogenic impactScale of impact with various methods of development with open pit underground123 Hydrosphere: Change in the hydrogeological regime May manifest itself both on a local and regional scale Appears on a local scaleChange in the hydrological regimeThe sameThe sameChanges in the chemical and microelement composition of surface and groundwaterMay be significant. Exceeding the norms for some indicators can reach hundreds of MPC Insignificant impact Changes in the hydrobiological composition of surface waters Can be significant The same Atmosphere: Pollution with a dust-gas mixture Dust content in the working area without dust suppression means is significant pneumoconiosis (silicosis, anthrocosis, dust bronchitis, etc.) and microelement composition of soils and inhibition of the work of soil microorganisms. within the mining allotment Activation of cryogenic processes (erosion, solifluction, heaving, landslides, etc.) Within the mining allotment, in some cases in areas adjacent to quarries Within the mining allotment Alienation of additional areas for disposal of production waste (waste rock dumps, scrap metal, waste tires dump trucks, etc.) Areas comparable to the size of a quarry, littering of the territory inside the mining allotment, expansion of the impact zone due to sawing of dumps, ingress of erosion products of dumps into surface watercourses Insignificant amount of waste. Waste rock dumps occupy a small area within the mining allotment Biosphere: Complete removal, mechanical destruction of varying degrees degradation of vegetation cover Within the mining allotment, in some cases in areas adjacent to quarries Within the mining allotment mainly limited to the limits of the mining allotment Changes in the microelement composition of plant tissues The sameThe sameChanges in the living conditions of animals»»Note - compiled by the author on the basis of an analysis of the environmental and economic activities of mines and sections of the two largest coal basins of the republic

As follows from the analysis of the presented data, the underground mining of coal deposits in terms of the impact on all components of the natural environment is many times more profitable than the open method of coal mining. Maximum emissions into the atmosphere, discharges of pollutants into surface waters, significant changes in the terrain, the formation of huge volumes of production waste (waste rock dumps, tailings, metal, waste tires, etc.) are most characteristic of open-pit mining.

It is also important to note that the liquidation of the enterprise will also require a significant amount of additional measures for the reclamation of quarries, waste rock dumps, without which the impact on the environment will not stop for many years.

1 Polluting effect of mining activities on water bodies

One of the types of impacts of mining on the environment during the extraction of minerals is the pollution of water bodies (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, underground aquifers).

Water resources are of great importance for the processes of mining and metallurgical production. The extraction of raw materials and the production of metals require significant volumes of water for processing and cooling. In addition, water is a waste product in many mining processes, which raises water quality issues for areas in the vicinity of mining. It cannot be underestimated that the lack of sufficient water can pose a potential threat to production in the energy supply chain.

As economic practice shows, wastewater from mining and metallurgical complex (MMC) enterprises is contaminated with minerals, flotation reagents, most of which are toxic, salts of heavy metals, arsenic, fluorine, mercury, antimony, sulfates, chlorides, etc. Thus, in water bodies subject to discharges from mining and metallurgical enterprises, up to 10 MPC of excess copper content is observed, up to 6 MPC of sulfate and other pollutants.

The water intensity of MMC products implies the efficiency of using water resources, reflecting the volume of water spent to obtain a unit of metallurgical products.

The economic activity of coal industry enterprises shows that in mines and open pits, the main pollutant is suspended coal-rock particles, which, getting into water bodies, together with waste water, reduce the transparency of water, flood the bottom and banks, lead to swamping, a decrease in the volume of reservoirs and disruption they have biological balance. As a result, fish and all living things are gradually dying out. This type of pollution is especially typical for the Karaganda coal basin.

Pollution of underground water horizons usually occurs due to the imperfection of mining production and is due to the fact that part of the polluted mine or quarry water migrates into the disturbed mountain range and brings pollutants into groundwater. Often, part of the surface runoff also enters here. Technogenic pollution carried out from the territory of the enterprise into the open hydrographic network as part of the feed waters can get into groundwater and then spread throughout the entire geological section.

Wastewater from coal enterprises also includes surface runoff from mine dumps, cuts and processing plants, transport communications and other facilities that are within the mining allotment. As the analysis of the activities of coal mining enterprises shows, an effective measure to limit their harmful impact on water bodies is to take measures to reduce the inflow of water into the mine workings of mines and open pits, which allows not only to reduce the volume of wastewater and the cost of transporting and cleaning it, but also to preserve natural reserves and qualitative composition of groundwater.

2.2 Priority areas for reducing (eliminating) the harmful impact of mining enterprises on water resources

In order to maintain and improve the quality of the components of the environment and protect human health, economic entities must constantly analyze and evaluate their environmental management system in order to identify opportunities for improvement in order to achieve maximum environmental efficiency. The solution of this problem is impossible without obtaining objective data on the actual state of the environmental components in the zone of influence of the production activity of an economic entity (an enterprise for the extraction and processing of minerals) in dynamics.

Thus, the main task of industrial environmental control is to oversee compliance with established standards for the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere, discharge with wastewater into the hydrosphere, disposal of production and consumption waste, and changes in the quality of environmental components over time. As a rule, it is carried out on the basis of a program developed and agreed upon in the established manner, which establishes a mandatory list of control points and parameters monitored during control, the frequency, duration and frequency of their determination, the instrumental or calculation methods used.

According to research, industrial environmental control should include the following main sections:

operational monitoring, that is, monitoring compliance with the parameters of technological processes that are sources of pollutants entering the environment;

monitoring of emissions of pollutants into the environment, which consists in determining the amount and composition of emissions into the atmosphere, discharges into the hydrosphere, production and consumption wastes;

monitoring of internal verification of compliance with environmental requirements, the task of which is to analyze the results of the production environmental control and the compliance of the state of environmental components with regulatory requirements, and in case of exceeding the standards, the development of measures to ensure environmental requirements;

monitoring actions in emergency situations.

Conducting industrial environmental control allows you to obtain information about the impact of the operation of the facility on the environment. This information is the basis for making decisions regarding the environmental policy of the nature user in order to improve the production and environmental efficiency of the environmental management system.

In the future, it seems obvious that there is a need to tighten environmental requirements for violators of environmental legislation in the oil and mining complexes, in the metallurgical and chemical industries, with the application of appropriate sanctions against violating companies. On the contrary, support for companies that follow an innovative environmentally friendly strategy and policy in their activities should consist in supporting them with the inclusion of projects in the list of applicants for funding from the National Innovation Fund (NIF), among which there should be environmentally friendly innovations of Kazakh scientists, as well as venture environmental projects.

The tightening of economic sanctions against polluting enterprises should be proportional to the scale of pollution - the volume of emissions and discharges. Whereas an incentive for polluting enterprises that have begun to reduce their volumes, as well as upon the fact of mastering environmental conservation technologies, confirmed by calculations and their first results, may be their cancellation.

Enterprises with a high potential for environmentally friendly technologies that systematically master them and borrow environmentally friendly transfer technologies should be provided with monetary compensation, partially or fully covering the costs, in accordance with the effect obtained, as well as bonuses to developers and performers for the creation and development of new technologies based on the results of innovative projects. Providing a 20% discount on corporate tax and VAT on the volume of products sold is necessary for science-intensive, environmentally-oriented firms that produce environmentally friendly machinery and equipment. A system of accelerated reimbursement of capital investments can also be used, including a reduction in the norms and terms of depreciation of new environmentally-saving equipment of enterprises.

Conclusion

In the future, mining enterprises, whose activities are closely related to the impact on the environment, are required to carry out organizational, economic, technical and other measures to ensure compliance with the quality standards of environmental components (atmospheric air, surface and ground water, soil) in accordance with environmental and sanitary conditions. - hygienic norms and rules.

According to the Environmental Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK), entities engaged in special nature management are required to carry out industrial environmental control, form and submit to the authorized bodies in the field of environmental protection quarterly and annual reports on the results of industrial environmental control in accordance with the requirements established by the Ministry of Environmental Protection RK environment.

In order to maintain and improve the quality of environmental components and protect human health, economic entities must constantly analyze and evaluate their environmental management system in order to identify opportunities for improvement in order to achieve maximum environmental efficiency. The solution of this problem is impossible without obtaining objective data on the actual state of the environmental components in the zone of influence of the production activity of an economic entity (an enterprise for the extraction and processing of minerals) in dynamics.

List of used literature

water treatment mining pollutant

1. Alshanov R.A. Kazakhstan in the world mineral resource market: problems and their solution. - Almaty: LLP "Print - S", 2004. - 220 p.

Karenov R.S. Priorities of the strategy of industrial and innovative development of the mining industry in Kazakhstan. - Astana: KazUEFMT Publishing House, 2010. - 539 p.

Karenov R.S. Ecological, economic and social efficiency of geotechnological methods of mining. - Karaganda: Publishing house of KarSU, 2011. - 366 p.

Galiev S., Zhumabekova S. Analysis of resource consumption at enterprises of the mining and metallurgical complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan // Industry of Kazakhstan. - 2011. - No. 4 (67). - S. 38 - 43.

The main environmental problems and wastes that affect the environment and humans from the activities of the uranium mining industry are identified. The main substances that pollute the air basin, groundwater of ore-bearing horizons, as well as those that are part of the waste heaps of the rock raised to the surface during traditional methods of mining and processing uranium ores and their impact on humans are considered. Tasks for ensuring the development of uranium mining industries have been determined. Due to the length of the development cycle of mining enterprises from exploration to production, which is about 20 years, in the near future, uranium mining companies should focus on ensuring the future development of uranium mining industries, for which, first of all, it is necessary to formulate and solve the main tasks related to introduction of modern technologies

mining industry

pollutants

dumps of uranium mines

The groundwater

atmosphere

1. Bubnov V.K. Extraction of metals from stored ore in underground blocks and stacks of heap leaching / V.K. Bubnov, A.M. Kapkanshchikov, E.K. Spirin - Tselinograd: Jean-Arc, 1992 - 307 p.

2. Bubnov V.K. Theory and practice of mining for combined leaching methods. / VK. Bubnov, A.M. Kapkanshchikov, E.K. Spirin - M .: Akmola, 1992 - 522 p.

3. Zabolotsky K.A. Optimal complex of hydrogeological and geoecological studies of metal deposits in weathering crusts in relation to their mining by underground leaching: author. dis. ... cand. - Yekanterinburg: USGU, 2008 - 91 p.

4. Mamilov V.A. Extraction of uranium by underground leaching. – M.: Atomizdat, 1980 – 248 p.

5. Tashlykov O.L. Organization and technology of nuclear energy. – M.: Energoatomizd, 1995 – 327 p.

6. Titaeva N.A. Geochemistry of isotopes of radioactive elements (U, Th, Ra): Ph.D. dis. ... dr. - M.: MGU, 2002. - 23 p.

7. Chesnokov N.I., Petrosov A.A. Systems for the development of uranium ore deposits. – M.: Atomizdat, 1972 – 22 p.

Traditional methods of extracting mineral raw materials and their enrichment are characterized by a large amount of waste. Waste disposed over large areas, as well as waste water from processing plants and mine effluents, cause disturbances and negative consequences in all components of the biosphere - the air and water basins are polluted, resulting in degradation of land resources, and the disappearance of many species of flora and fauna. During the analysis of a number of sources, the main environmental problems and aspects that affect the natural environment and man as its component were revealed.

From the activities of the uranium mining industry, first of all, employees of enterprises (miners, equipment operators, etc.) suffer, and secondly, residents of neighboring settlements and nature.

It includes:

● contamination of mine waters with uranium and other radionuclides;

● discharge of sewage into groundwater;

● washing away of radionuclides from contaminated territories by rains and their spreading through the environment;

● radon inflow from mines, waste rock dumps and tailings;

● leaching of radionuclides from tailings with their subsequent discharge into natural waters;

● erosion of tailings systems with dispersion of toxins by wind and water;

● Pollution of ground and surface waters with toxic non-radioactive substances such as heavy metals and reagents used in ore processing.

The tracer of uranium contamination can be the 234 U/238 U isotope ratio, which in ores and ore residues is close to the equilibrium value, and in surface groundwater it significantly exceeds its value.

In Europe, uranium ore was mined either in open pits or in underground mines. At the same time, only 0.1% of the ore was used with benefit, the rest is waste. Immediately after the Second World War, uranium was extracted from shallow deposits, then from deep mines. With the decline in uranium prices on the world market, underground mining became unprofitable and most of the mines were closed. During the active period of the mining industry, large quantities of air contaminated with radon and dust were transferred to the air basin. For example, in 1993, 7.43∙109 m3 (that is, the pollution rate was 235 m3/s) of air with an average radon concentration of 96,000 Bq/m3 was released into the air basin from the Schlem-Alberoda mine (Saxony, Germany).

The main substances polluting the air basin in the traditional methods of mining and processing uranium ores are:

● dust generated during mining, transportation, crushing of ores, dumping and long-term storage of hydrometallurgical tailings, including dust containing radioactive substances. Radioactive substances in mine dust include long-lived emitters (U, Ra, Po, Io, RaD, Th), which can have a harmful effect on living organisms when contaminated mine air is inhaled near ventilation installations and air outlets from the production area;

● gases released during blasting and as a result of chemical interaction of reagents with ores and semi-products during hydrometallurgical processing (CO2, CO, H2S, nitrogen oxides, NH3, H2SO4 vapours, etc.).

Despite well-organized dust suppression in underground mining operations (the dust content in the mine atmosphere does not exceed 1 mg/m³), during reloading, transportation and crushing of ores, as well as during storage of off-balance ores, waste rocks and tailings, only one mine of medium productivity together with the hydrometallurgical plant tens of tons of dust per year. A particularly noticeable amount of dust enters the atmosphere during open-pit mining due to large volumes of overburden and the difficulty of dust suppression in winter.

By lowering the dose for the miners, ventilation increased the radiation load on the inhabitants of the surrounding villages. It is important that this load continued after the closure of the mines, since ventilation is carried out during a rather long period of conservation of the mine and its flooding. In 1992, radon levels for residents of the town of Schlem in Saxony were significantly reduced by changing mine ventilation: polluted air began to be emitted far from residential areas. In Bulgaria, a closed uranium mine is located right on the outskirts of the village of Eleshnitza, so there is a lot of radon in residential buildings. It is estimated that 30% of lung cancer cases per year among the 2,600 villagers are related to the proximity of the mine. But radon and uranium dust emitted by mine ventilation not only directly increase the radiation load on the population. An analysis of various food products grown in Ronneburg (a uranium mining area in Thuringia) showed that the consumption of local food makes a rather high dose contribution of 0.33 m3 annually, mainly due to wheat grown at the exit of the mine ventilation.

In addition to air pollution, mining enterprises contribute to the pollution of the water basin. Large amounts of groundwater are continuously pumped out of uranium mines to keep them dry during mining. This water drains into rivers, streams and lakes. Thus, in the sediments of rivers in the Ronneburg region, the concentrations of radium and uranium are 3000 Bq/kg, i.e. 100 times higher than natural background. In the Czech Republic, long-term pollution of the sediments of the Ploucnic river is caused by poor cleaning of the mine waters of the Hamr I uranium mine, which was operated until 1989. The river valley is polluted for a section of 30 km. Doses received from γ-radiation reach a maximum of 3.1 Gy/h, i.e. 30 times higher than the background. In the Lergue River in France, wastewater from the Herault uranium mining complex resulted in 226 Ra concentrations in sediments of 13,000 Bq/kg, which is almost equal to the concentration of radium in the uranium ore itself.

Regarding the protection of surface and especially groundwater in the case of uranium mining by in-situ leaching, the opinions of experts are ambiguous. The discrepancies in the estimates are the result of the fact that tens and hundreds of thousands of sulfuric acid or another solvent run out during underground leaching over a number of years of deposit development into the groundwater of ore-bearing horizons to create the necessary concentrations of the dissolving agent. When the pollution is dissolved, in general terms, the introduction of such an amount of solvent quite naturally gives grounds to speak of groundwater pollution. As a result of physical and chemical processes of underground leaching in technological solutions (productive and working), some components accumulate in quantities that significantly exceed the maximum allowable concentrations for water used for drinking and household purposes. Under the conditions of sulfuric acid leaching, such components are:

1) components of the solvent and the acidity of the medium;

2) leaching products - both radioactive U, Ra, Po, RaD, and stable Fe2+, Fe3+, Al3+, and other cations;

3) technological products of processing solutions - , , Cl- (depending on the method of resin desorption used).

In the ore-bearing horizon of the mined area of the deposit, groundwater undergoes a significant change in salt composition. This applies in particular to such components as Fe2+, Fe3+, Al3+, , , uranium and acidity (pH). The growth of salt content within the limits of the mined ore bodies belongs to the category provided for by the technological regulations, without which it is impossible to mine uranium. The process of transferring uranium into solution occurs directly in the ore body, in the watered ore-bearing horizon, in a certain limited space of this horizon. Pollution of groundwater with technological solutions outside the mined part of the deposit along the ore-bearing and adjacent aquifers.

As a rule, in hydrogenous deposits, the ore-bearing horizon is separated from adjacent aquifers by water-resistant strata, which exclude the overflow of leaching and productive solutions into adjacent aquifers. An important measure that prevents the overflow of salt-containing waters into adjacent horizons is their high-quality isolation from the ore-bearing horizon during the construction of wells. The essence of isolation is proper cementation of the annulus.

Dumps of uranium mines also pose an environmental hazard (Fig. 1). Waste rock is extracted from open pits when opening an ore body, during the construction of underground mines, and when driving drifts through non-metallic zones. Heaps of rock brought to the surface usually contain more radionuclides than the surrounding rocks.

Some of them are the same uranium ores, but with a uranium content below the profitability of mining, which in turn depends on modern technology and economics.

Rice. 1. Danger of dumps of uranium mining enterprises

Rice. 2. Variation in time of activity of some radionuclides in uranium ore dumps

All these accumulations of waste pose a danger to local residents, since even after the closure of the mines, they continue to generate radon, which is released and moves into the environment (Fig. 2).

In addition, a number of toxins (not necessarily radioactive) are washed out of waste heaps and pollute groundwater. For example, the waste rock dumps at the Schlem mine have a volume of 47 million m3 and cover 343 hectares. Moreover, the dumps are located in the upper reaches of the sloping valley, densely populated at the bottom. Result: the average concentration of radon in the air of settlements is 100 Bq/m3, and in some - above 300 Bq/m3. This gives additional cases of lung cancer (20 and 60 respectively) per 1000 inhabitants. For the southern part of Ronneburg, the lifetime additional risk of lung cancer is 15 cases per 1000 inhabitants. Given the rapid spread of radon with the winds, there is a risk for residents of a wider range: an additional risk of lung cancer is 6 cases per year within a radius of 400 km.

Due to the low content of uranium in ores, hydrometallurgical processing plants, taking into account sanitary zones, occupy large areas, and the volume of tailings is equal in terms of the amount of mined and processed marketable ores. Tailings dumps not only completely exclude large areas of land from economic use, but are also sources of constant danger due to dust formation: from 90 to 250 kg of dust are carried away from one square meter of tailings surface per year.

Another problem is the leakage of toxins from rock heaps. For example, water seepage from dumps in Schlem/Aue is 2∙106 m3 annually, half of which flows into groundwater. The so-called waste rock is often processed into gravel or cement for use in railway or highway construction. As a result, the radioactivity is dispersed over a large region. In the Czech Republic, material with uranium concentrations up to 200 g per ton and radium concentrations up to 2.22 Bq/g was used for road construction until 1991.

Due to the length of the development cycle of mining enterprises from exploration to production, which is about 20 years, in the near future, uranium mining companies should focus on ensuring the future development of uranium mining industries, for which, first of all, it is necessary to solve the following main tasks related to the introduction modern technologies. Namely: ensuring the complexity and completeness of the development of the subsoil, which implies the complete elimination of losses of raw materials and minimization of the amount of waste by processing them into secondary resources, as well as the extraction of accompanying valuable components. This will increase the profitability of production and attract additional funds for the organization of environmental protection measures in order to reduce the impact of anthropogenic pressure on the environment.

Bibliographic link

Filonov A.V., Romanenko V.O. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF MINING ENTERPRISES // Successes of modern natural science. - 2016. - No. 3. - P. 210-213;
URL: http://natural-sciences.ru/ru/article/view?id=35850 (date of access: 02/01/2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"

UDC 622:577.4:551.34

E.A. Elchaninov, E.A. Elchaninov

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MINING INDUSTRY IN THE CONDITIONS OF PERMAFROST DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NORTHERN TERRITORIES OF RUSSIA

A detailed review of the environmental problems arising from the economic development of the Northern Territories is given. The industrial development of the Northern Territories will be manifested through the creation of reliable transport conditions for the wider use of the oil and gas industry, mining and metallurgical industries and through the integrated use of raw materials directly in the export specialization being mastered for the organization of production. A methodological approach to a comprehensive assessment of the geoecological state of the territory is substantiated. The requirements that must be taken into account in the development of the northern territories are given, one of which is to ensure such a regime of nature management that would meet the maximum allowable norms of human intrusion and production controlled by him into the natural environment.

Key words: Northern territories of Russia, geoecological state of the territory, raw materials, engineering protection of the environment.

The rich natural resources of the Far North, dispersed over a vast territory, with its poor transport development, predetermined the focal nature of the location of production, tying it to support bases located in the southern, inhabited regions of Siberia and the Far East and on the coast of the ocean and inland rivers. From these bases, raw materials and manufactured goods are transported to the most remote points of the Far North.

Serious questions arise in the field of transport, industrial and civil construction. It is not easy to solve the problem of the formation of labor resources and the creation of material and living conditions for them. The current level of study of the problem allows us to assert that it contains centrifugal forces that will have a transformative effect on related problems carried out in the developed territories.

It can be said without exaggeration that the most important economic and economic tasks of Russia today can only be solved by taking into account the development of the Northern Territories and the involvement of their fuel and energy, raw materials and other natural resources in economic and economic circulation. The northern territories of Russia have always been objects that actively participated in the creation of the country's industrial industry.

Intensive economic development of the Northern Territories and the waters of the Arctic Ocean will undoubtedly have far-reaching economic and social consequences that will predetermine the entire course of development of the northern part of the territory of Russia, as well as the eastern zone of the country.

Suffice it to recall the realization of the richest fuel and energy potential of Eastern Siberia, the oil and gas resources of the West Siberian Lowland, the development

Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine. The next stage in the grandiose development of the Russian economy may be the further economic development of the Northern Territories from the Kola Peninsula to the Bering Strait and the waters of the Arctic Ocean.

The industrial development of the Northern Territories opens up previously inaccessible opportunities for the development of foreign economic relations. This will manifest itself in two ways. First, along the line of creating reliable transport conditions for the wider use of the oil and gas industry, mining and metallurgical industries. Secondly, in the line of the integrated use of raw materials directly on the export specialization being mastered for the organization of production. All this gives us reason to believe that the development of the Northern Territories is part of the program of international economic cooperation.

What is the economic problem of the industrial development of the Northern territories of Russia? The problem of the economic development of the Northern territories of Russia has a difficult path of development, being reassessed in accordance with the specific political and economic tasks of the country, as well as taking into account the already accumulated knowledge about the natural and climatic conditions and the resource potential of these territories. In the development of resources, the real material and technical possibilities for the practical implementation of this problem have played and continue to play an important role.

Today, the problem of the development of the northern territories does not come from the definition that the northern sea route is the shortest transport route designed to carry out only trans-

tailor functions. We are talking about a comprehensive economic development, in which the northern sea route will be only a part of the territory that facilitates and ensures industrial development.

It should be noted that characteristic feature development of the Northern Territories is that it is carried out in a zone where the economic potential is insufficient to serve as a support base at the first stage of the deployment of construction work and the placement of large contingents of workers. This necessitates the cooperation of the economic opportunities of the interested industries for the implementation of intersectoral pioneering work on the preparation and development of the territory, as well as the creation of a common zonal infrastructure.

The socio-economic status of the Northern Territories throughout the 20th century, the beginning of the economic development of the northern territories, was determined by the priority development of the mining industry (gold, diamonds, oil, gas, polymetallic ores, tin, etc.). The mining industry was the main industry that ensured the industrial development of the Russian North.

The current stage of the mining development of the territory was reflected in the significant scale of the technogenic load with a differentiated impact on all components of the biosphere. The consequences of mining technogenesis are multiplied by the unfavorable climatic, geological, endo- and exogenous processes characteristic of the territory, which become irreversible with low integral stability of ecosystems.

The Russian North is one of the largest regions of Russia in terms of

potential resources of minerals and mineral and energy raw materials sufficient for sustainable socio-economic development in the long term. However, further mining production should be based on a civilized attitude to the natural environment, take into account the specifics of the geo-ecological conditions of the territory and the socio-ecological aspects of life, promote the development of small peoples living in the developed territories, as well as the consolidation of labor resources attracted for the development of the territory.

Taking into account the fact that the current system of zoning of the northern territories does not reflect the full diversity and specificity of natural and climatic conditions and does not take into account the complex influence of geoecological factors on life, an integral indicator of the comfort of the environment is proposed as a scientifically based criterion for zoning the territory. The integral indicator of the comfort of the environment can be used as the basis for zoning the territory of the Far North in order to develop a unified system of social guarantees and compensations, and optimize the procedure for their financing.

The methodological approach to a comprehensive assessment of the geoecological state of the territory should be based on the study of the features of the regional geoecological system, which is a set of interacting structural components of the habitat: the natural environment, geological and anthropogenic. Components of the habitat are territorially localized by the boundaries of the regional geo-ecological system, characterized by geo-ecological factors,

which have a decisive influence on the sustainability of the environment, i.e. habitat.

The problem is primarily related to the program for the development of oil and gas resources in the northern territories. Along with an active influence on the development of petrochemical industry centers directly in the Far North, it will be associated with the development of resources within the shelf and open space of the Arctic Ocean. An important prerequisite for solving the problem is also the successful solution of the problem of developing strategic mineral deposits beyond the Arctic Circle by creating production complexes for their extraction and processing.

These complexes will become economic outposts for the development of work both on the development of mineral deposits and the construction of seaports, airports, highways, railways, pipelines and power lines, ensuring the economic and economic strengthening of a new area of economic development in the North of Russia. an active foreign policy line to develop a whole series of joint economic programs with the developed capitalist countries should play a role in solving this problem.

This problem will have to be solved in very difficult natural and climatic conditions. We are talking about the construction and formation of territorial production complexes in places with no direct transport links, remote from industrial centers, in a harsh Arctic climate with low atmospheric temperatures, high wind loads, with various forms of permafrost, with

titelny and animal world is very sensitive to the slightest environmental changes. This puts forward a number of serious requirements for scientific and technical thought related to the development and implementation of the following projects: construction of linear engineering facilities (railway, automobile, pipeline and power lines, runways during the construction of new airports); technological methods of extraction and processing of minerals; manufacture of machines and mechanisms suitable for operation in northern conditions; arrangement of housing and life; utilization and processing of household and industrial waste; management of ecological processes.

It is necessary to create and apply methods and means of engineering protection of the natural environment in the development of mineral deposits:

Reclamation of disturbed lands and its features;

Management of thermal fields with the help of thermal and electrical energy, as well as without energy means;

Creation of artificial arrays;

Application of thermal attenuation systems for permafrost;

Reducing oxidative processes;

Dust reduction and dust suppression using thermal, foam and snow-forming installations;

Management of the influence of factors of the natural environment and industrial infrastructure on the formation of the radiation-thermal balance of the earth's surface in the developed area;

Regulation of the conditions for the connection of the temperature regime of rocks with the components of the radiation-heat balance of the surface;

Forecasting the impact of the development of the territory on the structure of the radiation-heat balance of the surface;

Use of mined-out spaces for disposal of solid and liquid wastes;

Protection of underground and surface waters by the use of closed drainage, backfilling of mined-out space with subsequent freezing of atmospheric air by cold, bypassing into underlying aquifers, etc.;

Ensuring the stability of pit walls and dumps using permafrost conditions, anchor bolts and synthetic meshes;

Protection of water bodies from pollution by solid suspensions and chemical products by placing untreated process water in geological permafrost structures that are not sources of supply to underground aquifers.

In projects for the development of the Northern Territories, first of all, it is necessary to take into account:

Efficient use and utilization of secondary combustible and fuel energy resources;

Creation of environmentally friendly thermal power plants and boiler houses;

Creation of low-waste technologies for the production of marketable products from the waste of the main production;

Elimination of possible oxidative processes in the worked-out spaces of mining enterprises;

Application of deep purification of technological waters of production;

Development of non-traditional energy sources, especially wind and low-grade waste thermal energy;

Creation of the latest heat storage systems;

Results of forecasting scientific and technological progress in the field of nature protection and rational use of natural resources, energy-saving and environmentally friendly technologies;

Demand market for resources accumulated in consumption and production waste;

Evaluation of the technical, economic, environmental and social efficiency of the technologies planned for use for each development area and by types of intended production;

Preventive measures that exclude the negative consequences of extreme environmental situations.

The available natural raw materials and favorable transport conditions will make it possible to create large industrial complexes. The issue of the transfer of northern oil involves the construction of a number of oil refineries and petrochemical enterprises. It is known that such a statement of the question was previously unacceptable. Now the situation is changing radically, oil pipelines must annually transport to the south, east and west a significant flow of not only crude oil, but first of all, products of its processing.

The development of energy in the territories under consideration, in view of its latitudinal location, apparently will not allow at this stage to unite the North into a single energy system. However, it is necessary to consider the possibility of including it in a unified electric power system, which will make it possible to achieve significant savings in the capacity of power plants (by reducing reserves and using the difference in time zones), increasing the reliability and flexibility of power supply.

The transcontinental significance of the Northern Sea Route is great. So

as the shortest route between the countries of Europe, Asia and the Pacific Ocean runs through the northern seas of our territory, in the future, with the commissioning of new territorial-industrial complexes, the importance of the Northern Route will increase for serving both our own needs and international ones. This new function should be taken into account both in the process of preparation and in the process of development of territories. The Northern Sea Route will have to cope with a powerful cargo flow, and this will require the development of ports on the country's coast throughout the Far North, the construction of new ones and the reconstruction of existing ones. Therefore, the development of the Northern Territories should become an integral part of the program of international economic cooperation.

The question arises about the border of the implementation of the program for the development of the Northern Territories, since here there are many ambiguous decisions that are directly related to the deployment of the front of construction work and the location of construction industry enterprises. Representatives of the industry under the development zone understand the territory on which mineral deposits are located, and the places reserved for future enterprises for their industrial use. The authorities of those subjects of the federation, territories, republics, the territories of which are subject to development, are considering this issue more widely. They rightly believe that industrial development will have a direct impact on the socio-economic development of each of these administrative entities. The affairs and concerns of the industrial development of the northern territories are becoming close to the people of the whole country, who will take part in the implementation of this largest economic

Problems. Thus, the development of the Northern Territories is a national scale program.

The costs associated with the program are diverse and will require the diversion of a certain part of the country's total product produced. This necessitates the cooperation of the economic opportunities of interested firms and individuals for the implementation of intersectoral pioneering work on the preparation and development of the territory, as well as the creation of a common zonal infrastructure. On the basis of world statistics, it should be recognized that environmental protection measures should account for 8-10% of the total value of industrial capital investments, that is, one should take into account the need for targeted allocation of resources from the general estimates of the designed facilities intended for the implementation of environmental protection measures.

When developing the northern territories, the following requirements must be taken into account:

Creation of such a complex of living environment that would meet all the medical, sanitary, material and cultural requirements of the population, formed under the influence of the characteristics of natural and climatic conditions and the production specialization of the economic development zone;

Ensuring such a regime of nature management that would meet the maximum allowable norms for the intrusion of man and the production controlled by him into the natural environment. When planning relationships with the components of the natural environment, the following

due to take into account the low ability of northern nature to naturally restore the ecological balance disturbed by man and production and the availability of resource and production and technical capabilities, actively participate in helping the natural environment, cope with restoring the balance of ecological balance;

Implementation of effective economic development of raw materials, taking into account the vulnerability of the natural environment;

Development of production taking into account regional engineering-geological, creological, climatic and other conditions for the economic development of the Northern Territories.

This approach will make it possible to develop specific recommendations aimed at managing human interaction with the environment, as well as protecting a person from harmful environmental factors.

It is necessary to develop legislative environmental norms of "behavior" for all interested firms and entrepreneurs in the development zone.

Northern nature requires especially careful attitude. The top layer of soil and vegetation is easily destroyed, which, under permafrost conditions, practically cannot be restored and cannot be reclaimed; in many areas disturbed by industry, the vegetation cover has not recovered after 60-75 years, for example, in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Magadan region, Taimyr (region of Norilsk), Khanty-Mansiysk region, Canada (region of Churchill, Tampson).

Elchaninov Evgeny Alexandrovich - Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Elchaninova E.A.,

MGI NUST MISIS, e-mail: [email protected]

UDC 622:577.4:551.34

ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF MINING INDUSTRY GROWTH IN PERMAFROST CONDITIONS IN THE COURSE OF RUSSIA"S NORTHERN TERRITORY DEVELOPMENT

Elchaninov E.A., Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, El "chaninova E.A. ,

Moscow Mining Institute, National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", e-mail: [email protected]

The article gives an informative review of ecological problems emergent during development of the Northern Territory. Industrial development of the Northern Territory will include creation of reliable transportation conditions for oil and gas industry, as well as for mining and metallurgy industries, and comprehensive utilization of mineral raw materials on the spot, aimed at export-oriented factory management. A methodology-based approach to geoecological appraisal of the territory condition is substantiated. The article introduces requirements to be taken into account during the development of the Northern Territory, one of which is the natural management within the maximum permissible limits for the environment invasion by a human being and the man-controlled production.

Key words: Russia's Northern Territory, geoecological condition of territory, raw material resources, environment protection engineering.

SMART BOOK - THE ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL_

HOW DOES PUBLISHING BEGIN?

Most often, the new publisher is among active scientists or engineers. And almost always he lives in a world of standard delusions and illusions. In addition, he wants to quickly issue the first editions of books. And this haste, and hopes for the magical possibilities of machines and devices, are pushing him to purchase expensive computer equipment and printing equipment. There is still no culture and skill in book publishing, but there are already many beautiful machines that are useless at the first stage of the formation of a publishing house. Investors' expectations are not justified, and the confused publisher is looking for specialists who are able to operate complex equipment, and then rebuild the publishing house into a printing house.

After a year or two, the most astute publishers begin to realize that the technology they have acquired with such difficulty cannot ensure success. Much more important is a reasonable publishing policy, the formation of an author's asset, high-quality editing, communication with bookselling organizations and the creation of our own system of book distribution. I note that such activity is no less expensive, but it is necessary for the effective work of the publishing house.

The disease of shifting the emphasis of publishing to printing can continue for quite a long time, it depends on the education and culture of the new publisher. But when understanding comes, the main printing processes are transferred to professional printing houses, where the costs for their implementation are lower, and the products are of better quality. The experience of our publishing houses shows that focusing efforts on the tasks of book publishing and book distribution makes the work immeasurably more difficult and requires an initiative approach, but, unlike printing, there is no one to entrust it to.

Continued on p. 296

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