The main goal of the mechanization of production processes is the replacement of manual tools with machines and mechanisms using various types of energy for their operation. The mechanization of production processes frees a person from performing heavy, laborious and tedious operations. Depending on the degree of equipment of production processes with technical means and the type of work, partial and complete mechanization are distinguished.

Automation of production is a method of organizing production, in which the functions of management and control, previously performed by a person, are transferred to automatic devices. The goal is to increase productivity and improve working conditions, ensure high quality products, optimize the use of all production resources, which accelerates scientific and technological progress.

Work and rest mode.

Working hours should provide for the length of the working week, work with irregular working hours for a certain category of workers, the duration of daily work, including part-time work; start and end time of work; time of breaks in work; number of shifts per day; alternation of working and non-working days;

The specifics of the working hours and rest hours of transport, communications and other workers with a special nature of work are determined in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Rest time - the time during which the employee is free from work duties and which he can use at his own discretion.

Rest time types:

· Breaks during the working day;

· Daily (inter-shift) rest;

· Weekends (weekly uninterrupted rest);

· Non-working holidays;

· Holidays.

20. Methods for the analysis of industrial injuries.

· Statistical method. The injury rate is assessed by this method using two indicators - the frequency rate and the severity rate.

· Group method. The investigation material is divided into groups, taking into account certain characteristics, such as profession, type and length of service, age of the victim, time of day and year, type of rolling stock, traumatic factor, nature of damage.

· Topographic method. The causes of accidents at the place of their occurrence are being studied.

· Monographic method. An in-depth analysis of work-related injuries is carried out, investigated in detail technological process, operations performed, workplace, sanitary and hygienic conditions, main and auxiliary equipment, PPE, circumstances under which the accident occurred.

· Extensive indicators. Those characterizing the structure of morbidity are calculated according to the number of days of incapacity for work for one type of disease or the number of cases of incapacity for work for one of the diseases.

· An indicator of the duration of one case of the disease. A report on the causes of temporary incapacity for work is made in accordance with the established form No. 16 - ext.

Organization of a car mechanic workplace.

Before starting work, you must tidy up the workplace; check the operation of ventilation, the serviceability of the fences, the starting device of the machine, the correct direction of rotation of the motors, the lubrication of equipment components, the pressure of compressed air and steam, the operation of pneumatic valves, brakes and interlocks. Workplaces must be kept clean and tidy. The tools and workpieces should be located in strictly designated places, ensuring safe and economical methods of performing operations. Work must be carried out strictly in accordance with technological documentation, rules and instructions for labor protection.

Responsible persons for fire safety.

· Property owners;

· Heads of public authorities;

· Heads of local government bodies;

· Persons authorized to own, use or dispose of property, including heads of organizations;

· Persons, in accordance with the established procedure, appointed responsible for ensuring fire safety;

· Officials within their competence.

Depending on the production areas of pig farms, their size, type of premises, feeding methods, housing conditions, various options for mechanizing production processes have been developed, as well as appropriate machines and equipment.

Mechanization of preparation and distribution of feed... Each type of feeding has its own technology for preparing and distributing feed. For large pig farms, a concentrate type of feeding with a strictly developed system of using complete feed is acceptable.

For the preparation and distribution of liquid feed, there are feed preparation shops separately for the reproductive and fattening sectors. Technological schemes and equipment of workshops are similar, the only difference is in productivity.

The process of preparing liquid feed is as follows. The compound feed from the reloading point by intra-farm transport is delivered to the feed shop, poured into a receiving hopper with a capacity of 0.4 m 3 and fed into the elevator with a screw. Noria lifts feed into one of the bunkers with a capacity of 30 m 3. The process of filling the bunkers with compound feed is automated; when they are fully loaded, the line is automatically turned off. The line for loading feed into the bunkers is started from the central control panel. At the bottom of the hopper there is a feed extractor (auger) that feeds the feed into the hopper of the automatic weighing machine. After weighing the appropriate amount of compound feed with switchgear enters the mixers, where it is diluted with warm water 1: 3.

The liquid feed mixture from the mixers is supplied by special pumps through pipes to the pigsties. The feed left in the feed line after dispensing is forced back into the mixer by the water. When not in operation, the feed line is filled with water. Communication between the feed shop and the pigsties is carried out by means of light signaling. Red light means the feed mass is entering the feed line, green light - filling the feed line with feed mixture.

In pigsties with group keeping animals feed is distributed to the group feeders using a trolley, which moves along a rack parallel to the feed line and, at the command of the feed shop operator, opens and closes the quick-acting valves at each pen.

In pigsties with individual animals, feed is distributed manually or with the help of taps on the pipes running from the feed line to individual pens. From the moment the green light comes on, the operator alternately opens and closes the quick-action valves installed at each machine.

For weaning piglets, depending on their age and live weight, dry compound feed from the transfer point enters one of three storage bins, each of which is designed for receiving and subsequent distribution of compound feed of a certain recipe and, using a washer conveyor and auger distributor, fills the self-feeders once in two days.

The most complex organizationally technology of forage preparation for grain-root crops, grain-potato types of feeding, as well as for feeding feed mixtures from concentrates and food waste. This technology for the preparation and distribution of feed is used in most farms that use their own feed.

Feed mixtures are prepared in the feed shop according to the following scheme:

• feeding green, juicy forages with a conveyor into a crushing or paste-making machine;
• the flow of crushed mass and concentrates from the dispenser hopper to the feed mixer, where grass flour can also be fed;
• moistening the entire mass with water;
• transportation of mixed, moistened and steamed feeds to feeding places.

The preparation of feed in a flow system should be organized in a closed cycle; all machinery and equipment are then placed in accordance with the planned operations. The set of machines and equipment, their arrangement in the feed shop depends on the type of feeding adopted. At present, the industry supplies a sufficient range of machines and equipment, the correct selection of which makes it possible to solve all the issues of fodder preparation and distribution of fodder on farms and complexes.

Mechanization of manure removal... The most time consuming operation on pig farms and complexes is the removal of manure, which accounts for 50% of all labor costs. One pig-breeding complex for fattening 108 thousand pigs per year gives

up to 3000 tons of waste water. Incorrect storage and use of this amount of effluent creates a constant threat of the spread of diseases and environmental pollution.

Recently, large pig-breeding complexes have used conveyor and hydraulic systems for removing manure. The correct technical organization fully solves the issues of cleaning, storing and using manure.

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And etc.). Basic goals Mechanization of production - increasing labor productivity and freeing a person from performing heavy, time-consuming and tedious operations. Mechanization of production promotes rational and economical consumption of raw materials, materials and energy, reducing costs and improving product quality. Along with the improvement and updating of technical means and technology Mechanization of production is inextricably linked with raising the level of qualifications and organization of production, changing the qualifications of workers, using methods of scientific organization of labor. Mechanization of production is one of the main directions of technical progress, ensures the development of productive forces and serves as a material basis for increasing the efficiency of social production, which develops by intensive methods.

To technical means Mechanization of production includes working machines with motors and transmission devices to them, performing specified operations, as well as all other machines and mechanisms that are not directly involved in these operations, but are necessary for this production process to be performed at all, for example, ventilation and pumping installations.

Depending on the degree of equipment of production processes with technical means and the type of work, partial and complex Mechanization of production

With partial Mechanization of production individual production operations or types of work are mechanized, mainly the most labor-consuming, while maintaining a significant proportion of manual labor, especially in auxiliary loading and unloading and transport operations.

A higher step is a complex Mechanization of production, in which manual labor is replaced by machine labor at all basic operations of the technological process and auxiliary works of the production process. Complex Mechanization of production is carried out on the basis of a rational choice of machines and other equipment operating in mutually agreed modes, tied in productivity and ensuring the best performance of a given technological process. Manual labor with complex Mechanization of production can be saved on separate, non-labor-intensive operations, the mechanization of which is not essential for making labor easier and is economically inexpedient. The person also retains the functions of managing the production process and control. Complex Mechanization of production predetermines the possibility of using in-line production methods, contributes to improving its quality, ensures the maintenance of uniformity, degree of accuracy and constancy of the specified parameters.

Next after complex Mechanization of production the stage of improving production processes is their partial or complete automation (see. Production automation ).

The means of labor, being an integral part of the productive forces, are created and improved in the process of social production. The invention of new tools of labor and the introduction of new technological processes are directly related to the development of natural science and are carried out on the basis of knowledge and use of its laws. Before industrial revolution 18-19 centuries the tools of labor remained hand-held and the number of working tools with which a person could act simultaneously was limited by his natural tools, that is, by the organs of his body. The forces of nature used included water, wind, and domesticated animals. In the period of manufacture, which preceded the industrial revolution, the division of handicraft labor and its professions, as well as the specialization of tools, reached such a high degree that the prerequisites arose for the combination of tools in a machine and the replacement of a worker's hand with a tool by a mechanism. “As a machine,” noted K. Marx, “a means of labor acquires such a material form of existence that conditions the replacement of human power by forces of nature and empirical routine methods - the conscious application of natural science” (K. Marx to F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed. ., v. 23, p. 397). Improvement of tools and methods of labor, the emergence of a universal steam engine, the use of machines and mechanisms to facilitate labor was caused in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. a sharp jump in the level and scale of production. Replacing manual labor in performing technological and transport functions, mechanical means of labor were the starting point of technical progress in various industries and played an important role in the formation of the capitalist mode of production. The industrial revolution created the conditions for Mechanization of production, primarily weaving, spinning, metal and woodworking. The possibility of using the power of a steam engine to drive a number of working machines led to the creation of a wide variety of transmission mechanisms, which in many cases grew into a widely ramified mechanical system.

With the increase in the size of the motor and transmission mechanisms, with the complication of working machines, with the emergence of new materials that are difficult to process, an objective need arises for the use of various machines and mechanisms in the machine-building industry itself. By starting the production of machines by machines, large-scale industry has thereby created an equivalent technical basis. Throughout the 19th century. Mechanization of production quickly penetrates not only the individual links of the production process, but also conquers one branch of industry after another, displacing the old traditional forms of production based on manual labor and primitive technology. Mechanized production is becoming widespread in all developed countries.

With the development of large-scale industry, the design is improved, the power and productivity of funds increase Mechanization of production Since the end of the 19th century. along with the steam engine, a more economical and compact one is gradually being introduced internal combustion engine, which made it possible to create new working and transport machines - tractors, automobiles, excavators, motor ships, airplanes, etc. New methods of energy conversion appear, based on the use of steam and hydraulic turbines connected to generators of electric current. The development and improvement of electrical machines leads in the first half of the 20th century. to the widespread introduction of group and individual electric drives of working machines in metal-cutting, woodworking, weaving and other machines, press-forging, mining, lifting-transport machines, rolling mills, etc.

In a system of machines, the object of labor successively passes through a series of interconnected partial processes that are performed by a chain of heterogeneous but mutually complementary machines, mechanisms, and apparatuses. The system of mechanical means of labor leads to continuous-flow production in a developed form.

Further development Mechanization of production is aimed at maximizing the intensification of production processes, shortening the technological cycle, freeing up labor, and implementing comprehensive mechanization in the most labor-intensive industries.

Among the technical means Mechanization of production Combined machines were developed - combines, in which units located in a technological sequence automatically affect the subject of labor. The development of combination, complex mechanization and automation has led to the creation automatic lines machines, automatic workshops and automatic plants with high production efficiency.

Under the conditions of capitalist society and its characteristic production relations, the means of labor, acting as a machine, immediately becomes a competitor of the worker, one of the main means of exploiting him and the most powerful weapon in the hands of the capitalists for suppressing the indignation of the workers. "... The introduction of machines strengthened the division of labor within society, simplified the functions of the worker inside the workshop, increased the concentration of capital and further dismembered man" (K. Marx, ibid., Vol. 4, p. 158). The expediency of using new means of production under capitalism is ensured by the fact that their value must be lower than the cost of the labor force they replace.

In a socialist society, machines and all other technical means of mechanizing labor are created and used not for competitive purposes and not for exploiting the worker, but to increase labor productivity, the economic efficiency of social production, to facilitate and improve the conditions of labor processes, which is ultimately aimed at increasing material well-being and cultural level of the people. “Earlier,” wrote V. I. Lenin, “the entire human mind, all of its genius created only in order to give some all the benefits of technology and culture, and to deprive others of the most necessary things - education and culture. Now all the miracles of technology, all the achievements of culture will become the property of the whole people, and from now on the human mind and genius will never be turned into means of gain, into means of exploitation ”(Polnaya soborny soch., 5th ed., Vol. 35, p. 289).

Under the conditions of a planned socialist economy, the most favorable conditions are created for the rational use of Mechanization of production as the basis of technical progress in industry and agriculture. "Large-scale machine industry and its transfer to agriculture is the only economic basis of socialism ..." (VI Lenin, Polnoye sobor soch., 5th ed., Vol. 44, p. 135). In a socialist society Mechanization of production is a powerful human tool for the all-round lightening of labor and the steady growth of social production. The introduction of mechanization in the socialist national economy also occurs in those cases when its result is not only a material effect, but also an improvement in working conditions and an increase in its safety. Contributing to the elimination of hard manual labor, a reduction in the working day and an increase in the cultural, technical and material level of workers, Mechanization of production plays an important role in the implementation of the scientific organization of production, in erasing significant differences between mental and physical labor.

IN USSR Mechanization of production was the basis for the industrialization of the country and the collectivization of agriculture; it predetermines the rate of growth of the productivity of social labor on the basis of the further development of complex mechanization and automation of production processes.

Implementation Mechanization of production depends primarily on the equipment of industry, construction, transport, agriculture with the most advanced machines, mechanisms and devices (see table). The fastest growing in the USSR was the production of machines, mechanisms, installations and equipment in the leading industries (power and electrical machine building, machine tool building, mining and chemical engineering). High growth rates are also characteristic of instrument making, the production of radio equipment, automation and computer technology, and electrical household machines and mechanisms.

Development of production of some of the most important means of mechanization in the USSR

Level and efficiency Mechanization of production a certain branch of production or process in practice is evaluated according to various indicators. Such indicators can be: the level of mechanization of labor, the level of mechanization of work, the mechanization ratio and power-to-weight ratio of labor, etc. The level (coefficient) of mechanization and labor is understood as the share of mechanized labor in the total labor costs for the manufacture of certain products or for the performance of work on the site, workshop, enterprise, etc. This indicator is determined by the ratio of the time spent on performing mechanized and manual work... A similar purpose has the indicator of the degree of coverage of workers with mechanized labor, which is determined by the ratio of the number of workers performing work in a mechanized way to the total number of workers. The specificity of some types of production necessitates the introduction of such an indicator as the level (coefficient) of mechanization of work - the ratio of the volume of products made by a mechanized method to the total volume of production. This indicator is used in foundry and blacksmith production, in transport and construction work, etc. The mechanical-to-labor ratio of labor is usually estimated by the cost of machines and mechanisms in production, per worker on average. The energy-to-labor ratio (or, in some cases, the electrical-to-labor ratio) is expressed by the ratio of the amount of mechanical and electrical (or only electrical) energy consumed in the production process per 1 man-hour worked or per worker. These indicators are used conventionally for a comparative assessment of the mechanization of individual processes. When choosing technical means Mechanization of production, the cost of which is included in the capital costs and is transferred to the cost of the product for the entire period of their use, the following are taken into account: weight and dimensions, payback periods, energy consumption, reliability in operation, wear resistance of assemblies and parts, maintaining the constancy of basic parameters over the entire period of operation, speed of adjustment, ability to readjustment for performing other similar operations, ease of maintenance, technical inspection and repair.

Mechanization of production in the branches of the national economy of the USSR. The creation of a large-scale socialist industry capable of solving the most complex scientific and technical problems and national economic problems is the greatest achievement of the Soviets. people, the triumph of Lenin's ideas of socialist industrialization. The major measures for the mechanization of work in various sectors of the national economy, carried out during the years of Soviet power, are of revolutionary importance. Thousands of samples of modern high-performance machine tools have been developed and introduced into production. Systems of machines are being created for the comprehensive mechanization and automation of the main production processes in industry, construction, agriculture and transport. On the basis of an increase in the technical level of production, the use of manual and heavy labor, as well as unskilled labor, is consistently reduced in all branches of the national economy. At the same time, the need for technical means for completing complex mechanization in all sectors is steadily increasing.

Mechanization of production in the energy sector, it is associated with the commissioning of large power plants and the creation of interconnected power systems. The enlargement of the capacity of power plants makes it possible to significantly reduce the cost of labor, materials and fuel for the production of electricity, to use effective means of monitoring, regulation and management of both individual units and power plants as a whole. The energy capacity of the USSR will increase mainly due to the construction of thermal power plants with large power units with a capacity of 300, 500, 800 MW, and in the future with a capacity of 1000 Mw and higher. The maintenance of such power units is fully mechanized, which significantly reduces the need for labor per unit of installed capacity. Mechanization of production in heat power engineering is aimed at improving the means of preparation, loading, fuel supply, methods of water treatment, ash removal, etc. For hydroelectric power plants, turbines with a capacity of 500 Mw (Bratsk HPP) and turbines with a capacity of 630 Mw(for the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP). At nuclear power plants, reactor installations with a capacity of 1000 Mwand more. A distinctive feature of the nuclear power industry is the comprehensive mechanization and automation of technological processes, which, due to the reduction of labor and material costs, makes it possible to ensure its high competitiveness in relation to traditional energy industries.

In the mining industry Mechanization of production is aimed at reducing the timing of opening, preparation and commissioning of new deposits and horizons, as well as reducing the cost of maintaining workings in working order, which is associated with the expansion of complexity in the mechanized processes of underground and opencast mining. In the mines, high-performance narrow-cut shearers and plows are used, working in combination with moving face conveyors and individual metal or hydraulic supports (see. Coal complexes ). As a result of the introduction of machines and mechanisms, the level of mechanization of the loading of coal in lavas of gentle and inclined fall was in 1972 over 90%; delivery of coal, underground haulage of coal and rock and loading of coal into the railway. the wagons are fully mechanized. Methods are being introduced deserted coal mining, providing a significant increase in labor productivity. Hydraulic coal mining is developing (see. Hydromechanization ). Developing rapidly open pit mining using a comprehensive Mechanization of production based on high-performance equipment: draglines, bucket wheel excavators, transport-moldboard bridges, powerful dump trucks, electric locomotives, dump cars, diesel trolleys, etc.

In the gas and oil industry, the use of high-performance products Mechanization of production contributed to an increase in oil and gas production and an increase in their share in the country's fuel balance. At the oil fields, powerful drilling equipment is used, including installations for drilling deep wells, integrated hydraulic drilling rigs are being introduced with discrete tripping and lifting operations, mechanization and automation of all drilling processes. The equipping of oil-producing enterprises with modular-complete automated units continues, which provide significant savings in labor, money and time. The increase in the level of mechanization and industrialization of the construction of gas fields, underground gas storages, gas processing plants is ensured by the use of modular and modular-complete technological units, prefabricated buildings and structures with metal frames. For gas transportation, gas pipelines with a diameter of 1420 are widely used mmat an operating pressure of 7.5 Mn / m 2. As a result of the introduction of comprehensive mechanization and automation, the compressor stations of gas pipelines being built in the Arctic and other hard-to-reach regions of the country operate practically without service personnel.

In metallurgy Mechanization of production is aimed at completing the mechanization of individual labor-intensive work and the implementation of complex Mechanization of production in blast-furnace, steel-making and rolling shops. The most difficult work at the hearths of blast furnaces has been mechanized, as well as all the necessary operations for servicing the holes. The production of mechanized equipment for servicing blast furnaces with a volume of 3200 m 3, a complex of mechanized equipment for blast furnaces with a volume of 5000 m 3.The operation of new units with increased blast pressure and the use of oxygen makes it possible to accelerate the melting process, reduce fuel consumption and improve the quality of cast iron. In steelmaking, advanced filling machines are used, the processes of breaking and laying ladle lining, loading large-capacity electric furnaces are mechanized, the use of systems for automatic regulation of oxygen consumption in converters, control of the carbon content in metal, systems for controlling the thermal regime of open-hearth furnaces, etc. is expanding. The converter method of steel smelting using converters with a capacity of 250-300 will receive further development t and continuous casting of steel with a high level of complex Mechanization of production To improve the quality of steel, it is envisaged to develop such mechanized processes as metal processing with synthetic slags, out-of-furnace evacuation, electroslag and vacuum metal remelting. For new technological processes, machines and equipment have been created that operate on the principle of automatic regulation of production processes and complex mechanization of operations for preparing a charge, loading units and casting metals. Natural gas is widely used in steelmaking. In rolling production, complex mechanized mills for hot and cold rolling of sheet steel with aggregate lines for applying metal and non-metallic coatings to sheets are put into operation; It is envisaged to create precision and special mills for the production of high-precision long products and cost-effective profiles, mechanized and automated lines for finishing (adjustment), straightening, sorting, stacking and packaging of sheet and long products.

In mechanical engineering Mechanization of production is mainly associated with the quantitative composition and structure of the metalworking equipment park, since the most time consuming in the manufacture of products is the operation of machining parts. In mass machine-building production, the complex mechanization of mechanical processing processes is carried out through the use of modular, special and specialized machine tools, automatic machines and semi-automatic machines. The park of machine tools for electrophysical and electrochemical processing methods is expanding, which makes it possible to replace many time-consuming, tedious and even unhealthy manual operations in the manufacture of dies, molds, turbine blades, carbide tools, as well as parts of especially complex shapes or materials that are difficult to process with conventional tools. , the use of machine tools with numerical control and adaptive devices is expanding, and in the future it is planned to create and use various types of programmable manipulators and robots. On Mechanization of production in mechanical engineering, the development of the production of blanks, in shape and size as close as possible to finished parts, will have a significant impact. For this purpose, the reconstruction of existing and the creation of new specialized enterprises for the production of castings and forgings is carried out. The share of metal forming by pressure is increasing (see. Forging and stamping production ). For foundry equipment will be created in the form of technological kits, for example, equipment for mixture preparation sections, kits of equipment for investment casting, mechanized lines for forming, pouring, knocking out castings, etc. Complex Mechanization of production in the processes of welding, heat treatment of parts, assembly of machines.

Significant effect on the level Mechanization of production in mechanical engineering, the unification and standardization of units and parts for general machine-building applications (bearings, gearboxes, couplings, flanges, chains, etc.), as well as normalized tools and standard equipment, the production of which is organized at specialized enterprises, is being developed.

For lifting and transporting and loading and unloading operations Mechanization of production achieved by applying lifting cranes , cranes, means of floor lifting and transport equipment, containers , construction lifts , elevators , cable cars, monorail feed systems. Hoisting-and-transport vehicles also include small-scale mechanization means: blocks, crampons, chain hoists, and other lifting mechanisms. The choice of mechanization means for lifting and transporting and loading and unloading operations is determined by the type of cargo (piece, long, liquid, bulk), type of vehicles (wagons, ships, cars), packaging, volume of work performed, distance of movement of goods and lifting height. The complexity and mutual correspondence of the methods of lifting, moving, loading, unloading and stowing goods at the points of departure and arrival is of great importance. The volume of these types of work depends on the number of cargo transshipments. The level of mechanization of lifting and handling and loading and unloading operations is determined by the ratio of the amount of goods processed by means of mechanization to the total volume of processed goods. Of great importance for reducing labor costs at industrial enterprises is the introduction of mechanization means with the aim of completely replacing manual labor in intrashop and inter-workshop loading and unloading of materials, parts, semi-finished products, loading and unloading railways. wagons, trucks and trailers, stacking of semi-finished products and finished products in workshop and factory warehouses. The main ways of implementing integrated Mechanization of production these works: rational organization of warehousing of enterprises, the maximum approximation of warehouses to consumer workshops, the combination of transport and warehouse operations with technological processes of the main production; equipment of loading platforms

Article about the word " Mechanization of production"in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia was read 18440 times

Mechanization of production, i.e. the replacement of manual labor by machine labor is one of the main directions of scientific and technological progress in industry. The consistent introduction of means of mechanization is the most important source of lightening labor, increasing its productivity, increasing the volume of production and saving labor costs.

The level of mechanization of the main production (workshop, enterprise) is determined by the following indicators: the degree of labor mechanization SMT, the level of mechanization of production processes Um.p.

Labor mechanization degree (in%)

where Chm - the number of workers in the main production, engaged in mechanized labor; H - the total number of workers in the main production.

The level of mechanization of production processes (in%)

where Tz - total labor costs in the main production, expressed in conditional norms of manual labor, man-h; Tr is the cost of the remaining manual labor in the main production, man-h.

As conditional norms of manual labor per unit of production of the main production, the labor costs of production workers are taken, provided that all labor processes are performed manually without any elements of mechanization.

The total labor costs for the workshop of the main production, expressed in conditional norms of manual labor (in man-hours)

where Т1, Т2, ..., Тn - conditional norms of manual labor per 1000 dal of products for each scheme (operation) of processing wine materials, man-hours; Р1, Р2,…, Рn - volume of processing of wine materials for each processing scheme (operation), thousand decaliters; n is the number of operations.

Total labor costs in the main production of an enterprise (association), expressed in conventional norms of manual labor (in man-hours)

where Tzts - total labor costs in the main production of the i-th workshop, expressed in conventional norms of manual labor, man-h; n is the number of workshops of the enterprise.

Remaining manual labor costs (in%):

where Тт is the actual technological labor intensity of the production of the shop (enterprise), man-hours; See t - the degree of labor mechanization in the shop (enterprise),%.

Actual technological labor intensity of products (in man-hours)

where H is the number of workers in the shop (enterprise) employed in the main production; t is the annual fund of working time of one worker, h.

Determination of the level of mechanization of auxiliary production and PRTS (loading and unloading, transport and storage operations) works.When determining the level of mechanization of the auxiliary production of secondary winemaking enterprises, it is necessary to proceed from the same methodological provisions as when determining the level of mechanization of the main production. Wherein structural units auxiliary production of the enterprise should be considered as independent production units that produce appropriate products.

The total labor costs in the auxiliary production of the winery, expressed in conditional norms of manual labor, Tz (in man-hours) can be calculated using the formula:

where Tz p.o - total labor costs for the repair and maintenance of equipment for the year, man-hours; Tz tx - total labor costs for maintenance of heating and refrigeration units per year, man-h; Tz z.s - total labor costs for maintaining buildings and structures in working order, man-h; Tz p.r is the total labor costs for PRTS works, man-hours.

The total labor costs for the repair of equipment for the year, expressed in conventional norms of manual labor, Tz r.o (in man-hours) will be:

where ER.o is the conventional norm of manual labor for the repair and maintenance of equipment in 1 conventional repair unit (A repair unit is a conditionally selected volume of repair work performed at a certain ratio of labor costs of repair workers of various professions. The value of the labor intensity of one repair unit for overhaul is 35 normo-h), man-h; Vр.о - the average annual volume of repair work, conventional repair units.

The formula for determining the level of mechanization of production as a whole for a winery is as follows:

where Tz O is the total labor costs in the main production in the conditional norms of manual labor, calculated on the annual production volume, man-hours; Tz E - Total labor costs for the maintenance of heating and refrigeration units, expressed in conventional norms of manual labor, man-hours; Тz З.С - total labor costs for maintaining buildings and structures at the enterprise in working order, expressed in conventional norms of manual labor, man-hours; Tz G - total labor costs for the enterprise's freight traffic, expressed in conventional norms of manual labor, man-hours; Tz R.O - the costs of the remaining manual labor in the main production, calculated on the annual production volume, man-h; Tz R.V - the costs of the remaining manual labor in auxiliary production, man hours.

The calculation of the indicators of mechanization of production by divisions and by the plant as a whole is made on the basis of data on the number of workers in the main, auxiliary production and PRTS works.

Using the above methodology, we calculate the indicators of the level of mechanization of production processes by type of production (Table 4).

Table 4

Indicators of the level of mechanization by type of production

The relatively high level of mechanization of the main production of the enterprise is primarily due to the fact that the overwhelming majority of technological processes are associated with the pumping of wine materials, which, as is known, is carried out in a mechanized way, in addition, in the bottling shops such laborious operations as washing bottles and bottling wine, and also the rejection of finished products and labeling are fully mechanized.

To identify the reserves of labor mechanization at a winery, it is advisable to analyze the structure of the number of workers by type of production.

At present 63 people are employed in the main production of OJSC "Udarny", which is 37.3% of the total number of workers; in auxiliary production there are 43 people, or 25.4%, in the PRTS works, 63 people, or 37.3% (Table 5).

Table 5

The structure of the number of workers by type of production

Table 5 shows that on the whole in the surveyed enterprise, more than half of the workers (54.2%) are engaged in manual labor. The proportion of workers engaged in manual labor is especially large in the work of the PRTS (58.8%). In auxiliary production, this figure was 51.2%.

The results of the analysis of the structure of the number of auxiliary workers and workers employed in the PRTS works are shown in tables 6-7.

Table 6

The structure of the number of auxiliary workers

Functions of auxiliary production	Number of workers
	specific weight,%	engaged in manual labor	employed in mechanized labor
total person	specific weight,%	Total people	Specific weight,%
Repair of equipment
Power supply
Maintenance of buildings and structures in working order

Thus, despite the significant degree of labor mechanization at the OJSC “Udarny” enterprise, more than half of the total number of workers are employed by manual labor, which is a great reserve for further mechanization of labor (see tables 5, 6, 7).

Table 7

The structure of the number of workers employed in the PRTS works

Dmitry Kuznetsov 41-T group

This report provides information on the mechanization of production processes in order to liberate people from hazardous working conditions, as a result of improving safety.

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Ministry of Education of the Moscow Region

GOUSPO MO "Chekhov Mechanical and Technological College of the Dairy Industry"

REPORT

topic: Automation and mechanization of production processes as a means of improving labor safety

discipline: Automation of technological processes

specialty : Technology of milk and dairy products

prepared : student of the 41-T group Dmitry Kuznetsov

Leader:

teacher of general professional disciplines M.S. Trubchaninova

New Life

2013

For the created machine, the main assessment criterion is the increase in labor productivity, safety level and the degree of relief. It is possible to facilitate and secure labor by introducing mechanization and automation of manual labor.

The mechanization of industrial labor is the replacement of muscular human energy through the use of mechanical machines and mechanisms that are set in motion by a variety of engines. With the help of mechanization, hard physical labor can be eliminated.

Complex mechanization is the highest stage of mechanization. With such mechanization, systems of machines and mechanisms are used, which are interconnected in terms of productivity, and ensure the implementation of technical and production control operations. Complex mechanization allows you to switch to automation, both conventional and complex.

When automating production, devices, machines and devices are used that carry out production activities without the use of human physical strength, but the work is carried out under his control. The system does not require sufficient periodic monitoring of the work progress to be constantly present.

Integrated automation is an automatic system that provides control and management of processes without human intervention using preset operating parameters. A person is assigned only the function of a controller of the progress of processes, the operation of equipment and automation.

Automation is most often used in large-scale industries with a mass nature of work. Widespread in both the meat and dairy industries. In such industries, there are a large number of lines that perform one technological function. Workshops and factories are being comprehensively automated.

As a result of reducing the humanity of labor to a minimum, the number of industrial injuries is practically zero. most of the accidents are due to the repair and adjustment of equipment, as well as to the irrational arrangement of equipment and organization of workplaces. Thus, a large amount of automated and mechanized labor can reduce industrial injuries. Also, automation and mechanization make it possible to eliminate human work in harmful and difficult working conditions.

Mechanization and automation are required not only in large industries of the same type. It is also necessary at enterprises with one-off and small-scale production. Currently, there are a huge number of automated lines that make it easier and safer for the worker. The ability to quickly re-equip such lines allows them to be used in a wide variety of production processes.

In small-scale production, efficiency and productivity can be increased through the widespread use of machine tools with special program control. In small-scale production, most of the worker's time is spent reading and choosing the optimal version of the drawing. An automated software system makes it possible to free the worker from these operations; the system will make the choice of an acceptable mode of operation itself before the start of the production process. All information about the shape, size of the part and other information is transmitted to the worker using a magnetic tape or card directly to the machine.

Software control is increasingly used by modular changeable machines, universal, broad profile for their automation. When working with programmed control, the worker starts the machine and removes the finished product. Thus, it is excluded the presence of the employee in the dangerous area of \u200b\u200bthe machine. All of the above actions are performed when the working units are turned off.

Machine complexes are several interconnected centers into a single machine system with the help of various devices, each of which runs on a corresponding program. Manual labor is minimized.

When automating technological processes, great attention is paid to loading. Even the use of machine complexes cannot free the worker from heavy loading and unloading labor. Mechanized loading almost halves manual labor by converting conventional equipment to automated. Such machines are used both independently and are built into automatic lines. Loading and unloading is most often combined with the clamping devices of the machine, so manual labor takes place away from the dangerous work area.

In manual measurement, the worker puts his hands at risk by introducing them into a potentially hazardous area. Manual control operations are most often the cause of work-related injuries. Work safety is carried out by automated operational control using various devices. Automatic and semi-automatic machines are used for continuous measurement.

Semi-automatic devices track changes and, when the necessary indicators are reached, give light signals. The worker only needs to make a stop. Automatic devices themselves turn on the working movements of the device when the necessary indicators are achieved.

Thus, the technological process frees the worker not only from heavy physical labor, but also from constant nervous tension associated with the potential danger of his work. This can be easily achieved by switching to automatic and mechanical execution of manual labor. The use of modern developments and the release of a person from manual operations will help to avoid injuries in the process of work, which is an improvement in labor safety.

Literature:

1.N. Karnaukh Labor Protection-M .: Yurayt Publishing House, 2011-380s.

2.VVMitin, VIUskov, NNSmirnov Automation and automation of production processes in the meat and dairy industry, Moscow: VO "Agropromizdat", 1990-240s.

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