Discipline, accuracy, fulfillment of tasks on time;

Readiness for additional work;

Ability to overcome difficulties;

Initiative;

Ability to make decisions;

Use your time efficiently;

Attitude towards learning and self-study;

Sociability, sociability;

Professional and career growth potential;

Organizational skills.

;3 Professionalism (a person's ability and inclination to effectively perform a certain activity):

Level of intellectual development;

Ability to analyze and generalize;

Logic, clarity of thinking;

Desire to search;

Possession of theoretical and special knowledge, skills, abilities.

4 Moral qualities:

Hard work;

Integrity;

Honesty;

Responsibility, good faith;

Obligation;

Self-criticism;

Motives of motivation to work.

5 Potential ( characterizes the possibilities of carrying out certain types of activity ), abilities and personal qualities, necessary for the performance of official duties :

Independence, determination;

Self-control, self-control;

Quick response;

Emotional and neuropsychic stability.

For managers, assessment factors are additionally the ability to:

Plan activities;

Organize the work of subordinates;

To manage in critical situations;

Work with documents (develop, agree on draft decisions, monitor their implementation);

Delegate authority (provide subordinates with clear instructions, rationally distribute responsibilities, determine and control deadlines, provide the necessary assistance);

Develop subordinates (help in adaptation, mastering a new job, organize training and advanced training);

Interact with other departments (coordinate activities, negotiate, build good relationships);

Maintain moral principles;

Innovate (seek new approaches to problem solving, be creative at work, overcome resistance).

Attestation assessment of personnel - activities in which the employee himself, his work and the result of activities are assessed. The attestation assessment of personnel is the basis for many management actions: internal transfers, dismissals, enrollment in the reserve for a higher position, material and moral encouragement, retraining and advanced training, improving the organization, techniques and methods of managerial work. Preparation for certification includes the following activities:

Drawing up the necessary documents for the attested;

Development of certification schedules;

Determination of the composition of the certification commissions;

Organization of explanatory work on the goals and procedure for conducting certification.

The specific terms, as well as the certification schedule and the composition of the certification commissions are approved by the head of the organization and communicated to the certified employees. The next certification does not include persons who have worked in the organization for less than a year, young professionals, pregnant women and women with children under the age of

Issues for discussion

1 Describe the methods of personnel assessment.

2 What are the criteria for evaluating the work of the applicant?

3 Describe personal means of personnel assessment.

4 What is the essence of the expert assessment of personnel?

5 What are the main tasks to be solved when assessing the effectiveness of labor activity?

6 What indicators characterize the activities of employees in relation to professional development?

7 How can personnel assessment affect production efficiency?

8 What is the significance of evaluating different categories of workers?

Staff development

Scientific and technological progress, which has embraced all spheres of social production, constantly requires an increase in professionalism and a systematic change in the content and technology of labor. Changing the goals of social development and ways to achieve them, functioning in market conditions dictate the need to retrain personnel in terms of mastering market mechanisms, adapting to new social conditions, retraining in connection with structural changes in the development of production and the introduction of modern technologies and labor methods. From the staff was required high professionalism and at the same time the ability to quickly adapt to constant changes and fluctuations in the internal structure of the organization and in the external environment. However, the training of new personnel is not carried out in a short period, and the one-step release from workers with long work experience can develop into a major social problem. Therefore, each organization faces the task of training its personnel, along with the selection of new employees and their professional adaptation. Postgraduate vocational education is carried out through postgraduate studies, doctoral studies, organized at institutions of higher professional education and scientific institutions that have received the right to do so. The constant improvement of the educational standard, the complexity and responsibility of the personnel, changes in working conditions and technologies require continuous additional education. It is carried out on the basis of a license for additional educational programs by institutions for advanced training, courses, vocational guidance centers.

Personnel development is a set of organizational and economic measures in the field of training, advanced training and professional skills of personnel, and stimulating creativity. The opportunity for development should be presented to everyone, because as a result, not only the person himself improves, but also the competitiveness of the organization where he works is increased.

The need for professional development is due to the need to adapt to changes in the external environment, new models of equipment and technology, strategy and organization structure.

Training is a personnel training method aimed at improving the efficiency of an organization. It allows:

Increase the efficiency and quality of work;

Reduce the need for control;

Faster to solve the problem of staff shortage;

Reduce turnover and costs incurred.

Specific goals of staff training:

Improving the general level of qualifications;

Obtaining new knowledge and skills, if the nature of work changes or becomes more complicated, new areas of activity open up;

Preparing for a new position;

Acceleration of the adaptation process;

Improving the moral and psychological climate.

The first stepin the organization of training is the analysis of work (a list of special knowledge and skills required for its implementation).

Step two.Comparison of the job specification with the level of training of the employee, which makes it possible to identify the problems he has

(lack of skills, experience, lack of knowledge of methods, etc.) and formulate learning objectives.

Third step- determining to what extent the learning process can solve these problems, where and in what form it should be carried out - in the workplace on the job, in the organization; with a separation from production (various kinds of centers, schools, other organizations).

The current labor legislation presupposes the following forms of training for employees of enterprises: vocational training, retraining, advanced training, training in second professions.

Training new employees – initial vocational and economic training of persons hired by the enterprise and previously had no profession, their acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for taking up a position.

Retraining (retraining) is organized for the development of new professions by laid-off workers who cannot be used in their existing specialties, as well as by persons expressing a desire to change their profession, taking into account the needs of production.

Training - training after receiving basic education, aimed at consistently maintaining and improving professional and economic knowledge, skills, the growth of skills in the existing profession.

Briefing is an explanation and demonstration of working techniques directly at the workplace and can be carried out both by an employee who has been performing these functions for a long time, or by a specially trained instructor.

Work - is the use of mental and physical abilities of people, their skills and experience in the form of goods and services necessary for the production of economic and social benefits. Labor incentives are central to the management system. One of its most important areas is the regulation of wages. Wages are pay for labor, or the price of labor. It should reflect its volume, quality, physical and moral-psychological, intellectual costs, the complexity of the process, the degree of risk, etc. Wages in any socio-political and socio-economic system are regulated by the state. Forms of remuneration - piecework and time-based. In order to optimize personnel management, if conditions permit, incentive types of remuneration are selected. Material incentives for staff must meet certain requirements. These include:

Simplicity and clarity of the incentive system for each employee;

Promptness to encourage positive results;

Making employees feel like a fair incentive system;

Increasing interest in the overall performance of a unit, organization;

Striving to improve individual performance.

Issues for discussion

1 Certification of personnel.

2 Steps in the certification process.

3 Explain what is meant by human development.

4 List the main areas of vocational training and professional development of personnel.

Head in the personnel management system

Management style social production - a set of methods and techniques that make it possible to have a targeted impact on the labor activity of people.

To determine the style, the following parameters of the manager's interaction with subordinates are usually used: decision-making methods, the method of communicating decisions to the performers, the distribution of responsibility, attitude to initiative, recruitment, personal knowledge, communication style, the nature of relations with subordinates, attitude to discipline, moral influence on subordinates.

The style a leader uses is determined by two factors: tricks with which he encourages employees to perform their assigned duties, and methods , which controls the performance of their subordinates.

Authoritarian style leadership is based on the absolute will of the leader within the institution, the idea of \u200b\u200bhis infallibility and the consideration of the team as the executor of orders. An authoritarian leader single-handedly makes decisions, gives orders, orders them to be carried out, assumes primary responsibility, suppresses initiative, selects workers who cannot become his rivals, keeps a distance from subordinates, and uses punishment as a powerful method of stimulating labor.

Democratic style (from the Greek demos - people and kratos - power) is based on the active participation of the entire team in solving managerial problems, respecting the rights and freedoms of participants in the labor process, developing their creative potential and initiative, with the leader playing the leading role in making decisions and ensuring their implementation. The leader of a democratic style in his activities always relies on public organizations and middle managers, encourages initiative from below, emphasizes his respect for his subordinates and gives instructions not in the form of instructions, but in the form of suggestions, advice or even requests. Listens to the opinion of subordinates and takes it into account. Control over the activities of his employees is carried out by him not alone, but with the involvement of other team members. The leader of a democratic style manages people without rough pressure, encourages the creative activity of subordinates, and contributes to the creation of an atmosphere of mutual respect and cooperation in the team.

Liberal style (from Latin Liberalis - free) is based on providing the team with maximum freedom of activity, regulated only by the ultimate goal, without active intervention in the methods of achieving it. A leader who adheres to this style makes decisions at the direction of higher-level workers or on the basis of a decision of the team. He disclaims responsibility for the progress of work and transfers the initiative to his subordinates. In relations with subordinates, the liberal leader is polite and benevolent, treats them with respect, tries to help in resolving their requests. But the inability of such a leader to direct the actions of employees can lead to the fact that freedom will be accepted by them for permissiveness.

In real life, no leadership style is found in its purest form. In the behavior of almost every leader, there are features inherent in different styles, with the dominant role of one of them. The success of the choice of a management style is critically determined by the extent to which the leader takes into account the abilities of his subordinates and their readiness to fulfill his decisions, the traditions of the team, as well as his own capabilities due to the level of education, work experience and psychological qualities. The style of work chosen by the leader depends not only on himself, but also to a large extent on the preparation and behavior of subordinates.

In a team managed in democratic style, organization and performance indicators are stable, regardless of whether he is a leader or on a business trip, vacation, etc. authoritarian the same style of work, the absence of a leader leads to a significant deterioration in activity, which is again activated with his return. In the presence of a liberal leader, workers tend to be less active than when he is outside the team. It should also be noted that the leadership style is not set once and for all, it can and should change depending on the conditions. It is necessary to take into account the composition of the team, the level of knowledge and skills of its members, the time frame of work, the urgency of the tasks, the degree of responsibility depending on the needs that are dictated by the prevailing conditions. An important condition that determines the effectiveness of management is the authority of the leader's personality . If it is high, then both democratic and authoritarian management methods are acceptable. But great authority can be not only beneficial, but also harmful. On the one hand, the leader makes it easy to achieve the fulfillment of his instructions and to subjugate people, and on the other hand, he helps suppress the independence and initiative, the creative thinking of subordinates. The modern leader needs to be aware of the demands of the times and be flexible, and in the event of a change in external conditions and the emergence of new needs, change outdated styles and methods of leadership.

Special tact has to be shown, if necessary, to show the shortcomings of the work of people who are older in age, occupy positions at one time and have a high status.

Any manager has hours of reception of employees on personal matters, in the solution of which he takes an active part. The employee must be sure that the organization will support him in a difficult situation, and this will not be done in the form of a handout, but as recognition of merit and respect for his personality.

Issues for discussion

1 The nature and content of managerial work.

2 Psychological problems of leadership.

3 Limitations that hinder the effective work of the team.

4 Biographical characteristics of the leader.

5 Abilities.

6 Personality traits.

7 Factors of a successful leader.

8 Describe leadership styles.

Labor motivation

Attitude to work - the degree of use of human capabilities, how a person uses his capabilities for highly effective activities.

In this way, motivation is a set of internal and external driving forces that induce a person to work.

Need - the primary source - the need for what is necessary for a normal existence: food, housing, procreation.

Needs: spiritual, intellectual, cultural and social.

Interest - a conscious need for benefits, objects, activities. It is interest that prompts a person to certain social actions.

Motive - a conscious attitude to their activities.

Value orientations - This is a more rigorous concept that characterizes a stable attitude towards ideals (the highest goal).

Incentives - the provision of external influence on a person in order to induce him to certain labor actions (certain labor behavior).

Incentives are influenced by a large group of objective and subjective factors that shape a person's attitude to work.

Objective factors - socio-political situation, economic compliance of regions, working conditions at the enterprise, level of organization and culture at the enterprise, demographic structure of the team, moral and psychological climate.

Currently, either the recruiting agency or the personnel management service is involved in personnel assessment. Moreover, for each of them the motivational criteria are different.

Subjective factors - personal characteristics of the employee himself (gender, age, education, upbringing, profession, length of service, personal experience, professional culture, job orientations).

Objective factors determine the level of job management by position, the discipline of work, the degree of initiative, creative search, ways to improve performance.

The degree of satisfaction with the work of the employee, the individual ability to work, the mood of the employee are determined through subjective factors.

There are always various social groups in a team.

Social group - employees with common, uniting features (profession, education level, work experience). Social groups form the social structure of the team, which is the most important component affecting the effective work of the department (organization).

Personnel management should influence the motivation of people so that the employee has a desire to work, a desire to prove himself from the best side. Worker models are extremely important. In his work, the manager must create integrity, he must be aware of what the final result of the work will be. At the same time, his subordinates should see the importance of work (have material incentives), be able to participate in decision-making and, of course, there should be a connection between the manager and the employee. Evaluation of employee performance depends only on the manager. Therefore, it must be objective and fair. The work designed on the basis of these principles ensures the inner satisfaction of each participant. It was on the basis of these data that a model of job characteristics in terms of motivation was developed.

Issues for discussion

1 What is motivation?

2 What is included in the structure of the motive?

3 Tell us about the mechanism of labor motivation.

4 In what groups can the needs be grouped according to Maslow's theory?

5 What are the main functions of staff incentives?

6 How are the theories of A. Maslow and F. Herzberg related?

7 What is the most important point of V. Vroom's theory?

In a resume, professional skills, as well as the skills and qualities of your personality, play an important role. Sometimes the employer pays attention to them. The more talented an employee is, the more chances he has of finding a job in a particular company. Especially when it comes to a prestigious corporation. Therefore, you need to be able to write a resume. Sometimes some things can be embellished, but not too much. And about something to be silent. What are the professional skills to indicate in the resume? What should you abstain from? Top Tips and recommendations are presented to our attention. Remember one thing at once: there is no exact algorithm. But, following some advice and taking into account the experience of other people, you can write a lot of useful information in such an important document.

Not for all

Professional skills and abilities in a resume (an example of which is fast learning) play an important role. But unfortunately, as already mentioned, there are no precise indications on this score. Indeed, for each direction there are some peculiarities. They will have to be taken into account. Mandatory.

Therefore, in the resume, professional skills, as well as your skills and personal qualities, will constantly change. Depending on what profession you are striving for. What are we talking about? For example, a sysadmin doesn't need any cooking skills, and a cook doesn't need programming knowledge. Therefore, such data can be omitted. Although, if in the long term you want to change the nature of your activity, it is worth trying. Nevertheless, we will focus on the key points and assess their importance for employment. There are some general characteristics and points in any resume.

Fast learner

Professional skills in a resume (any) are unthinkable without such characteristics as quick learning. Perhaps this is where you have to start. Any employer wants his employees not to be rams and to grasp everything on the fly. Especially when it comes to a person without work experience in a particular field.

Perhaps, rapid learning is something that you can and should write about, even if you do not possess it. Why? One can always learn something in a short time. The main thing is to set a goal for yourself. Learning ability is almost impossible to test. In any case, the average worker. What to write in professional skills in the resume besides this, regardless of your activity?

PC knowledge

The computer is what plays an important role in the life of a modern person. And ignorance of him suggests that the employee is a little backward. Even if it is some kind of cook (after all, sooner or later he will start to contact some kind of equipment, for example, with a cash register, this practice is widespread in Russia), not to mention office workers or computer professionals.

So knowledge of the PC is the next point that is required for a resume. True, they usually don't forget about him. Rather, on the contrary, they record first, regardless of the work chosen. Knowing your computer is important. Especially when there is a prospect of promotion.

Stress tolerance

Professional skills and knowledge in a resume (examples have already been considered) are unthinkable without one more rather important point. True, he rather refers to personal qualities. It's about resistance to stress.

Any job is stressful. And no one is immune from stress. A hot-tempered, aggressive and impatient employee is not needed by anyone. Therefore, you will sometimes have to embellish reality. Stress tolerance is included in the list of its qualities, regardless of whether a person has it or not. As a rule, this is not so important in reality. The main thing is not to show too much aggression in stressful situations, to behave with dignity.

If for some reason you do not indicate this item, you may be veiledly asked about it at the interview. And you will either have to lie or tell the truth, and then, perhaps, say goodbye to a potential employer forever.

Superman

In a resume, professional skills play an important role. But there is one very common mistake that job seekers make. Which exactly? It's about describing a superman. That is, the overall picture that develops from the citizen's resume turns out to be too good. And he learns quickly, and does not get tired, and does not give in to stress, and in general all such a genius is straightforward.

But the reality is completely different. It is clear that stress is inevitable. Sooner or later, everyone succumbs to nervous breakdowns. You can learn quickly how to learn, how to unlearn. And a special baggage of knowledge is something that, as a rule, is very easy to lose. And what if a person is so talented in himself that he forgot his uncle at work? Superman organizes his own business and can quickly achieve huge success. Consider this.

Therefore, it is not worth getting carried away with some professional skills, abilities and knowledge in the resume. It is enough to leave a small note to each item (or to some). Again, let's talk about stress. Here you can write: resistance to stress (I calm down quickly, a cup of tea / coffee helps). Or something like that. In no case should you describe a person with superpowers in your resume.

Knowledge of foreign languages

But the generally accepted list does not end there. Professional knowledge and skills in a resume, as we have already found out, can be different. Knowledge of languages \u200b\u200bwill be a huge plus. Indicate the ones that you understand. And do not forget to add the degree of your knowledge as well.

If this item is not so important for a chef or a janitor, such knowledge can be useful for managers and office workers. You need to understand foreign languages \u200b\u200bat least on a general level. If you are not a linguist or do not have any proof of fluency, you will have to indicate "intermediate" or "above average". It is also suitable to write a commentary on language proficiency in the form of "technical level", as well as "spoken". But not "free". This is indicated only if there are documents that can confirm this fact.

Sociability

Professional knowledge and skills in the resume imply another very interesting point. Communication skills can be indicated in this column. For example, sociability or the ability to conduct dialogues. Communication is an important element in most professions. And outgoing people are welcome in almost any job.

Nevertheless, this quality should not be extolled. And describe how well you communicate, too. It is enough to indicate communication skills and the ability to conduct business negotiations. This is enough for the employer and the recruiting manager. Just don't lie too much. During the interview, it will become clear whether you can communicate with others or not.

Knowledge of psychology

In a resume, professional skills differ from each other in each case. Nevertheless, sometimes it is worth mentioning there such a point as knowledge in the field of human psychology. Relevant when it comes to any profession where you will have to communicate a lot. Or do sales / consulting.

Knowledge of human psychology, as a rule, helps to find leverage in order to get what you want. For example, to sell a particular product without open persuasion. It seems that the person himself made the decision to buy, but in fact, on a psychological level, he was influenced. And when a potential employee still has some kind of documentary evidence (say, a certificate of listening to lectures / attending courses in psychology), then this is generally fine.

As you can see, professional skills and knowledge in a resume can help you find a job. Or, conversely, to interfere with this process. The main rule of resume writing is that you can lie, but not too much. Don't make yourself a prodigy, write more truth and don't show that you are too smart (even if you really are). Leaders rarely hire citizens who are better than themselves in many business matters. Professional skills in a resume (an example, and more than one, we have considered) is what will help you find a job. Just be prepared to speak more truth.

Posted On 15.12.2017

Any company strives to find the best employee for every position that requires a number of mandatory professional skills. Fortunately, most job seekers have some form of these skills. Employers determine the capabilities of candidates according to the list of skills presented by them, as well as the indicated advantages / disadvantages. Thus, every job seeker must prepare himself for a job search, taking into account all the means of communication that the employer pays attention to. The following means of communication should be considered: your resume, cover letter, and interview.

You can present your skills in the best light and validate them with previous work experience. In this article, we have provided an approximate list of required professional skills that must be indicated on a resume. You can edit this list and add additional skills to your resume to suit your needs. Below is a table with examples of professional skills that you can include on your resume. The table is divided into the main professions and the skills they require.

Skills and abilities	Top manager	Sales and Marketing, Customer Service	Programmers, Designers, Research and Development, Teachers
Time management skills	+	+
People management skills	+
Personal communication skills	+	+
Business communication skills	+	+
Speaking skills	+	+
Business management skills	+	+
Strategic thinking	+
Creative thinking	+	+	+
Organizational ability	+	+
Effective listening skills	+	+	+
Ability to make a decision	+	+	+
Ability to solve problems	+	+	+
Ability to negotiate	+	+
Ability to work in a team	+	+
Ability to conduct trainings	+
Ability to teach others	+
Ability to learn quickly	+	+
Effective learning skills	+	+
Analytic skills	+	+
Ability to make risky decisions	+	+
Sales skills	+	+
Ingenuity	+	+
A responsibility	+	+	+
Reliability	+	+	+
Creative skills	+	+	+
Determination	+	+	+
Business ethics	+	+
Critical thinking skills	+
Customer service skills	+	+	+
Perseverance	+	+
Multitasking	+	+
Tact	+	+

Skills to include on your resume

Below are examples of skills and abilities that can be listed on a resume.

Key Skills - Sample Resume

• analytical thinking, planning skills;
• developed skills of oral and interpersonal communication;
• organizational skills, the ability to prioritize;
• analyzing problems, using judgments, the ability to effectively solve problems.

Examples of other special skills

Oral and written communication, the ability to establish contact with partners and clients, business development, a high level of customer service, attention to detail and organization, self-sufficiency and activity, hospitality provided to clients and partners, professional public speaking skills and experience in making presentations, the ability to conduct effective trainings with others.

• motivation, initiative, high energy;
• oral communication skills;
• decision making, critical thinking, organization and planning;
• tolerance and flexibility in different situations.

Other skills:

• leadership communication skills;
• business leadership skills;
• technical and technological skills;
• organization skills;
• project management skills;
• marketing and key sales skills.

Examples of professional skills for different professions

Key skills for project managers

• experienced team leader with the ability to initiate / manage various functional teams and multidisciplinary projects;
• critical thinking, decision making and problem solving skills;
• planning and organization;
• excellent interpersonal skills;
• project management skills: influence, leadership, ability to negotiate and delegate;
• conflict resolution;
• ability to adapt to conditions;
• stress tolerance.

Key skills for educators

• motivation;
• initiative and high energy;
• developed oral and personal communication skills;
• decision making, critical thinking, organizing and planning skills;
• tolerance and flexibility in different situations.

Key skills for accountants

• analytical thinking, planning;
• accuracy and attention to detail;
• organization, the ability to prioritize;
• analyzing problems, using judgment, ability to solve problems effectively.

Key skills for customer service

• developed communication skills;
• analysis of problems and their solution;
• organizational skills, focus on customer service;
• ability to adapt, ability to work under pressure;
• initiative.

In contact with

Classmates

What professional skills should you include on your resume? Example

The qualities that you want to tell your employers about should be clearly articulated, and not just "thrown to the wind". Sociability / responsibility and creativity - all this, of course, is great, but meaningfully useless.

So let's go over the skills that you keep forgetting to mention. If you do not know what to write in the "skills" column, there is one more material for you!

Important!

We remind you right away that the skills that you will share with your employer should be directly related to the position for which you are applying. Brevity and specificity is the first rule of a resume.

// Leadership

Of course, this is an important skill for everyone involved in managing a company or even working in a team - sooner or later each of its members will be faced with the need to take initiative. So, if you know that you can be a leader in a team at some point, then this quality can always be mentioned (and even necessary!).

We write:

know how to resolve conflicts in a team, are ready to help colleagues, listen to criticism, are ready to lead, take responsibility for the team's decisions ... - everything sounds more specific than “I have leadership qualities”.

// Sociability

This quality-skill is also directly related to leadership. The fact is that you need not only to be able to communicate with people, but also to understand that there should be a factor of business relations and mutual benefit between you. When you write “sociable,” you don't have to think about the fact that you have great friends and that you are great friends with colleagues.

We write:

networking, knowledge of cold calling techniques, building relationships with clients, ability to work in a team.

Important!

It's good (great, great, no value for money) if every skill you mention is backed up on your resume with an example that proves you have it. For example, let's compare the “sociable” Ivan or Ivan, who organizes events and attracts famous speakers using his ability to communicate and seek contacts.

// Organization

First, in Russian, “organization” can have two adjacent meanings: you are organized, punctual, you understand what a “systemic” approach is, or maybe you understand how to organize a lot of people and make the gears turn. So in this case, we would advise you:

We write:

organizing events, monitoring meetings, scheduling, scheduling (great word for a resume!), time management

// A responsibility

This is mentioned only by those people who just want to tell the employer “you can trust me!”. But there are much more correct ways to prove that you are a responsible employee, for example, by mentioning that you were engaged in project activities or that you were engaged in serious financial calculations - everything that had a specific result will be useful to mark instead of “responsible”.

We write:

project activities (completed n.

projects), working with a client n., creating an advertising company n.

// Learnability

We are all trainable. Otherwise, they could not talk, write, eat, walk. This is a normal skill not only for humans but also for animals. Another superfluous and too "general" word for your resume.

We write:

independently studied the program n., mastered the programming language n., actively attend trainings, create a personal website, desire to use skills in different departments

// Critical thinking

You know that today everyone is a film critic.

Professional resume skills

But what is in practice - when you need to show the skills of a real analyst, to say something after the presentation, everyone suddenly has no thoughts.

We write:

search for information, ability to analyze n. in n., reporting in n., reviewing

// Stress tolerance

It is an indispensable, beautiful and much needed skill. But it is not a skill in fact - it is a character trait, like communication skills, for example. You can learn how to deal with stress, but most likely, by applying this characteristic to yourself, you mean that you can work under pressure, in conditions of deadlines and at a fast pace. So tell me about it!

We write:

the ability (EXPERIENCE!) to work in deadline mode, the ability to make quick decisions, knowledge of the market, understanding the specifics of competition in the industry, the ability to cope with crisis situations

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Introduction

Chapter 1. Knowledge, skills and abilities in the learning process

Chapter 2. Functioning of the "knowledge-skills-skills" triad in modern didactics

Chapter 3. Practical aspects of mastering knowledge and skills

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

Relevance ... As you know, the transition from the state of untrainedness to the state of certain training is carried out through the mastery of a certain amount of knowledge, abilities and skills, and each didactic process has quite definite fundamental capabilities in terms of the quality of their formation in students for a given time.

Until the 80s. In the twentieth century, it was traditionally believed that the content of specialist training is reduced only to these components. Later, two more were identified - the experience of creative activity and the experience of an emotional-value attitude towards reality.

The formation of general educational skills and abilities is one of the priorities of modern education, which predetermines the success of all subsequent education.

In the new educational standards of primary general education, special attention is paid to the formation of general educational abilities and skills, as well as to various methods of activity: they are allocated in a separate block both at the level of the minimum content and at the level of requirements for the level of preparation of those who graduate from primary school.

The issues of general educational abilities and skills in pedagogical science and educational practice have been studied for more than a decade, however, until now, the main drawback of modern education, including primary education, is associated with the inability of schoolchildren to learn.

Teachers primary school so far, it is difficult to move towards an orientation towards the new goals of primary education, formulated in the course of modernizing the structure and content of education: to teach younger students to learn, to shape their learning activities.

As before, the main emphasis is placed on mastering knowledge, skills and abilities.

The effectiveness of teaching will increase noticeably if the student begins to work meaningfully on his development, begins to strive to independently find and eliminate his mistakes - when writing, in speech, in organizing his own activities. To do this, he needs to learn to research, analyze his own activities in order to identify his mistakes so as not to make them in the future, and his achievements in order to fix and reproduce them. That is, the effectiveness of training directly depends on the formation and development of general educational skills and abilities.

Purpose of the study - to consider the problem of formation in the learning process of a mechanism for the assimilation of knowledge and skills.

Research objectives :

1. Consider the features of knowledge, skills and abilities in the learning process.

2. Analyze the functioning of the “knowledge-skills-skills” triad in modern didactics.

3. Determine the practical aspects of mastering knowledge and skills.

Object of study - the fundamental characteristics of knowledge and skills in the learning process. Subject of study - determination of the features of the formation in the learning process of the mechanism of mastering knowledge and skills.

Research hypothesis : we proceeded from the assumption that the assimilation of knowledge and skills is a complex process, including the mastery of a set of various operations and actions.

1.

Knowledge, skills and abilities in the learning process

Knowledge in teaching is understood as the basic laws of the subject area, which allow a person to solve specific production, scientific and other problems, i.e. facts, concepts, judgments, images, relationships, assessments, rules, algorithms, heuristics, as well as decision-making strategies in this area.

Knowledge is elements of information related to each other and to the outside world.

Knowledge properties: structuredness, interpretability, connectivity, activity.

Structability is the presence of connections that characterize the degree of comprehension and identification of the basic laws and principles operating in a given subject area.

The interpretability of knowledge (to interpret means to interpret, explain) is determined by the content, or semantics, of knowledge and the ways of using it.

Knowledge connectivity - the presence of situational relationships between elements of knowledge. These elements can be linked together into separate blocks, for example, thematically, semantically, functionally.

Knowledge activity is the ability to generate new knowledge and is conditioned by a person's motivation to be cognitively active.

Along with knowledge, there is the concept of data. Although it is not always possible to draw a clear line between data and knowledge, there are still fundamental differences between the two.

Data is an element of knowledge, i.e. isolated facts whose relations with the outside world and among themselves are not fixed in them.

Distinguish between declarative knowledge - statements about objects of the subject area, their properties and relationships between them, and procedural ones - they describe the rules for transforming objects of the subject area. These can be recipes, algorithms, techniques, instructions, decision-making strategies. The difference between them is that declarative knowledge is communication rules, and procedural knowledge is transformation rules.

• stored (memorized);
• reproduced;
• are checked;
• updated, including restructured;
• are transformed;
• are interpreted.

Skill is understood as a way of performing an action mastered by a person, provided by a certain body of knowledge.

7 essential skills to look for when recruiting

Skill is expressed in the ability to consciously apply knowledge in practice.

Skills are automated components of a person's conscious action that are developed in the process of performing it. A skill arises as a consciously automated action and then functions as an automated way of doing it. The fact that this action has become a skill means that as a result of the exercise, the individual has acquired the ability to carry out this operation without making it his own conscious goal.

The strength of the assimilation of knowledge is one of the goals of training. The result of lasting assimilation is the formation of stable knowledge structures that reflect objective reality, when students are able to actualize and use the knowledge gained. However, in practice, this goal is not always achieved. Everyone knows the student motto - "Pass (exam) and forget, like a bad dream."

But if knowledge is forgotten, then why waste time (and money) on mastering it?

The aim of the training is professional skills.

Research by psychologists has shown that acquired skills remain forever, and skills - for years, and theoretical (declarative) knowledge is quickly forgotten. Nevertheless, in many cases it is the strength of knowledge assimilation that is the goal of the intermediate stages of learning.

The modern understanding of the mechanisms of learning activities that lead to a lasting assimilation of knowledge makes it possible to formulate a number of recommendations.

In modern learning, thinking takes precedence over memory. It is necessary to save the strength of students, not to waste them on memorizing low-value knowledge, not to overload memory to the detriment of thinking.

Prevent the memorization of something that is misunderstood or misunderstood. The student must remember what is learned, well understood.

The material that requires memorization should be enclosed in short lines: what we should carry in our memory should not have extensive dimensions. Exclude from the series to be memorized everything that the student himself can easily add.

Remember that forgetting what has been learned is most intense immediately after learning, so the time and frequency of repetitions must be consistent with the psychological patterns of forgetting. The largest number of repetitions is required immediately after the students are familiar with the new material, that is, at the moment of maximum loss of information, after which this number of repetitions should gradually decrease, but not disappear completely. It is advisable for students not to time their own reproduction of the material to the moment immediately following the perception of the material, but to let him first rest a little. Experimental studies indicate that the best reproduction takes place for the most part not immediately after the first perception of the material, but some time (2-3 days) after it.

Intensifying the involuntary memorization of students, do not give direct assignments or instructions: it is better to interest the students, from time to time “warm up” the interest that has arisen.

Do not start learning new things without first forming two of the most important qualities: interest and a positive attitude towards it.

Follow the logic of presentation of educational material. Knowledge and beliefs, logically related to each other, are assimilated more firmly than disparate information.

Rely on the fact established by science: an important form of strengthening knowledge is their independent repetition by students.

Follow the logic of learning, because the strength of knowledge that is logically linked to each other always exceeds the strength of assimilation of scattered, loosely connected knowledge. Provide an opportunity for students to view material from different angles, from different angles.

Since the strength of memorizing information acquired in the form of logical structures is higher than the strength of scattered knowledge, knowledge presented in logically integral structures should be consolidated.

In the practice of teaching, it is not uncommon for a means of solid assimilation of knowledge to be repeated multiple times of the stated educational material. However, reliance mainly on rote memorization, without deep awareness of internal laws and logical sequence in the system of assimilated knowledge, is one of the reasons for formalism in teaching. Memorization and reproduction depend not only on the objective connections of the material, but also on the attitude of the individual to it (for example, the student's interest in knowledge). An important condition for the lasting assimilation of knowledge is the correct organization of repetition and consolidation of knowledge. The most firmly assimilated knowledge is acquired independently, while performing research, search, creative tasks.

You can interest the employer if you immediately write in your resume about what you can do. This will help him determine how quickly you can adapt and understand the nuances of the work.

Key resume skills: examples

To understand how to properly write about your skills, you can look at an example of professional skills on your resume. Just be sure to make allowances for your personal experience, employer requirements and the specifics of the future position.

Possible professional skills

It should be understood that in this section of the resume, you need to indicate your basic skills. If you do not have work experience yet, then you can enter the results of undergraduate practice. Almost all resumes can include the following skills:

• work with a PC;
• knowledge foreign languages (indicating your level) - it can be fluency, the ability to perceive written information and translate it with a dictionary;
• ability to analyze documents;
• work planning and organization of the work process;
• ability to make decisions quickly.

But they should be used in cases where you do not have practical experience and any achievements.

Skills for Communication Professions

When sending a resume to a new vacancy for a sales assistant, you must describe your experience and indicate what you can do. The professional skills of the seller may include the following:

• experience in communication and direct sales;
• ability to adapt and seek an approach to the client;
• the ability to work in stressful situations, under pressure;
• willingness to communicate politely, without imposing one's own position;
• the ability to move away, but at the same time fulfill their duties;
• the ability to solve problems without involving the administration.

You need to convince the employer that you can communicate with people and sell products.

But for a psychologist there will be other requirements. He can be shown what he has worked with and what he can do best. He may have the following professional skills:

• diagnostics of personality, relationships;
• solving problems in a team and family;
• conducting tests and interpreting their results;
• conducting trainings;
• solutions to personal growth problems;
• listening, empathy, calming;
• search for approaches to each client;
• implementation of psychological rehabilitation measures;
• work with phobias, shocks, stresses.

Skills of narrow specialists

The selection of candidates begins with the assessment of the resume. If you want to be scheduled for an interview, then list your basic skills, not hoping that a couple of general phrases will be enough. You can see an example of professional knowledge for a sysadmin resume to understand what to specify. The following skills can be distinguished:

• practical experience in laying and diagnosing networks;
• providing technical support and working with clients;
• diagnostics of failures and malfunctions;
• experience with servers, their installation and customization for specific tasks;
• monitoring the operation of systems;
• risk planning and development of IT structure recovery schemes;
• ability to work with Windows programs;
• knowledge of technical English;
• installation of equipment, adjustment of its work;
• control of the appropriate level of information security;
• work with technical documents.

Don't go overboard with listing! Too many announced programs can raise doubts about your level of proficiency in each of them. After all, real competence is acquired not even in one month.

But the professional skills in an accountant's resume may look like this:

• maintenance of tax and accounting records;
• knowledge of relevant legislation;
• ability to work with accounting entries;
• inventory taking skills;
• the ability to manage primary documents;
• knowledge of the principles of calculating sick leave pay, payroll;
• skills in drawing up and submitting reports;
• knowledge of the "Client-Bank" system, profile accounting programs;
• ability to carry out mutual settlements, reconciliation acts.

Don't write skills you don't have. After all, this can be identified at an interview or on the first working day.

For an employee or head of the legal department, you need to be able to work with documents and look for the necessary information.

For a lawyer, the following professional skills are generally expected:

• the ability to draw up and analyze the submitted contracts;
• negotiation;
• representation in courts;
• implementation of claim activities;
• drafting legal documents;
• support of the company's activities;
• legal support of the organization's work;
• representation of the company in government agencies and various instances;
• the ability to work with legal documents and legislative frameworks presented in electronic form.

Having indicated such skills, be ready to confirm them at the interview.

The employer may ask for specific examples or a practical task that will require these skills.

What can be the business qualities of an employee, a list that should be followed? The list of them is certainly large and varied. Currently, the employer should evaluate the actions of any employee, the level of his professionalism, strengths and business qualities. This becomes a perfect task that helps to form a workable team and significantly increase labor efficiency. But on the part of the employee himself, their list helps not only to draw up a competent resume sent when looking for a job, but also increases the chances in front of other potential applicants in the employment process.

The personal qualities of employees can be divided into 2 large categories: personal, which are initially innate and develop at the stages of the formation of the person himself, and professional, which are acquired in the process of work and come with experience. A skilful combination of both, and constant work on yourself provide a unique opportunity for career growth and good management. Let's take a closer look at these categories.

Professional qualities of the employee

Of course, in its standard understanding, this list can be huge, and the criteria that the manager uses when assessing a particular employee may differ significantly depending on the positions held, the functionality assigned to the employees and the tasks assigned to them.

But let's try to collect their frequently encountered positions into a single list.

1. Self confidence. This is an acquired quality that gives a clear awareness of the impeccable performance of their functions and a kind of basis for further decision-making.
2. Excellent knowledge of the features and technology of work, ways to improve it. It is developed with the coming experience and thanks to its own interest in the relevance of industrial changes.
3. Ability to choose the right means and real methods to achieve the best results.
4. Creativity. Determining the approach to established production process from the updated side and the opportunity to look at it with a different, non-standard look.
5. Stress tolerance. This is the ability to show restraint in their own reactions to the situation or actions of employees.
6. Planning your own workflow in relation to efficiency and combining it with the work of the whole team.
7. Emotional balance. The lack of a vivid reaction to what is happening and the regular maintenance of calm in conflict issues. Developed over time in the stability of emerging situations.
8. Striving for victory. Regular desire to achieve the best performance in relation to other employees in similar positions in the organization.
9. Distribution of powers and responsibilities. Ability to prioritize assigned tasks and delegate some of the powers to the team with their subsequent control.
10. A clear and tough solution to operational issues. In the process of well-established work, non-standard situations that arise that require timely identification and resolution, and here only actual actions are required.
11. Strictness and fairness to their own actions and actions from the outside. Abilities that make it possible to evaluate the results of work.
12. Organization of personnel work. Ability to professionally establish the process of activities so that each of the employees clearly understands their tasks and strives for their effective execution.

Personal qualities of employees

These are the aspects of human life that are formed individually, developing every year. They affect not only family relationships, everyday life and friendships, but also work processes.

1. Teamwork skills. Of course, this is very important when the team, as a whole, is determined to achieve a result, to organize its work without conflicts and in a pleasant positive manner with the rest of the employees.
2. Fairness and honesty. This is a guarantee of the right attitude and the opportunity to demand the same attitude towards yourself.
3. Ability to listen to other people's opinions, to accept advice and recommendations. It is necessary to understand that not always a decision made may be the only correct and correct one, and an outside view is sometimes able to assess the situation most effectively. It's important to just accept that kind of help.
4. Adequate perception of outside criticism. Do not think that the criticizing person is absolutely negative towards you. Perhaps this is just a method to show real results of activities and improve their level. Most of this criticism brings positive results.
5. Ability to defend their decisions and interests. In industrial disputes based on evidence and facts, it is important to correctly communicate the performance indicators of your activities
6. Integrity. This is a quality that helps to defend your own point of view.
7. Ability to keep a given word. This position convinces of responsibility and the opportunity to rely on your candidacy, confirming once again that you are a good employee.
8. Display of tact. This is the ability with which it is possible to build better relationships in a team.
9. Determination and persistence. Such innate qualities allow you to defend your own position and convince the management of the correctness of your decisions.

The assessment of the business qualities of employees for the first time occurs when hiring. It is here, during the interview process, that the head of the organization considers your candidacy positionally, mentally applying these qualities regarding the future functionality of the work. And a little later, conducting regular appraisals, it helps to assess the suitability of the abilities to the position. In the assessment process, a number of other main tasks are solved:

• the most relevant place in the organizational structure is determined for more effective use of the strengths of the future employee;
• if necessary, develops an individual development program for employees;
• ways of possible motivation are determined;
• the satisfaction of personnel from their duties is considered.

On the one hand, such a process helps to actively collect all the necessary information to study the level of professionalism of an employee and the possible organization of his training, and on the other hand, it increases his motivation and develops the basis for future material rewards.

There are several stages of a business assessment of personnel:

• collection of preliminary information on the activities and results of the worker's work in production;
• drafting basic questions for the assessment interview with the employee;
• conducting an interview and evaluating the received answers to the asked evaluation questions;
• formation of an opinion at the expert level and transfer of data to a special commission;
• making individual decisions on the proposals put forward.

First of all, it is worth indicating those skills that are related to the desired position and do not conflict with the required competencies.

Examples of common key resume skills:

Developed oral and interpersonal skills

Ability to prioritize

Precision and attentiveness

Where should the skills section be located?

Typically, the Key Skills section is placed after the Work Experience section, summarizing your competencies, explaining what knowledge and other useful competencies you have.

However, there is another option for building your resume, indicating the key skills immediately after the personal data and the desired position. And then in the column "work experience" explain exactly where and when you got these skills.

Professional skills in a resume - a sample example for university graduates without work experience

Vacancy: Marketing Analyst

Knowledge in the field of sociology and marketing analysis;

Experience in conducting sociological research during the period of study;

Diploma on the topic "Research marketing activities firms ";

Excellent command of Russian and English;

Experience in writing articles for the university website;

Work experience as a sales assistant, which contributed to the development of communication skills;

Fluency in PC, knowledge of Word, Excel, Power Point programs at the level of an advanced user.

Key resume skills examples for different professions

First of all, when drawing up a resume for a specific vacancy, you must carefully read the employer's requirements. This is often where you can find clues about what to include in the Key Skills section.

Below, we will give examples of various areas of employment and what is most often indicated in a correctly written resume.

experience in concluding trade transactions;

business communication skills, negotiation;

experience in exhibitions, product presentation;

maintaining and expanding the client base;

drafting and concluding contracts;

conducting primary accounting;

control of shipment and delivery of goods;

Experienced PC user, knowledge of 1C, Word, Excel;

For the position of the head of sales department, add the same:

Experience of replacing the head of the department;

Coordination of the work of subordinates;

Usually programmers indicate knowledge of certain technologies, programming languages:

knowledge of technologies and languages: J2SE ‚J2EE, JPA, JAXB architecture, Hibernate;

programming languages: Java, С ++, PHP ‚JavaScript, Phyton; XML ‚HTML; SQL, JPQL;

management software: SVN, Maven, Archiva, CruiseControl;

unix OS administration: Linux Fedora / Ubuntu / Slackware / OpenSUSE ‚FreeBSD;

databases: MS SQL Server, PostgreSQL, MySQL

accuracy and attention to detail;

the ability to effectively solve problems;

knowledge: taxes, GAAP reporting, ACCA Dip IFR certificate, auditor's certificate;

possession of programs: 1C, BEST, SUN, CMS, Consultant, Garant, MS Office;

For the position of chief accountant, you should also add:

more than 5 years of experience in the position of chief accountant;

successful experience in accounting management (up to 10 people);

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Professional skills and abilities in the resume

What are skills and abilities?

This is the experience gained, the knowledge gained in the process of working in your specialty, or in your life you have often had to deal with certain situations and you have learned to subordinate circumstances to your needs. For example:

Common mistake

Section writing rules

1. Honesty is the key criterion.
2. You need to meet the requirements specified in the vacancy (see below).
3. Concretely understand # 8212; what you can and know.
4. Have experience with the specified skills
5. Ability to apply acquired knowledge and experience

Provide detailed information on important details, for example:

Sales skill # 8212; 8 years in the field of sales, of which 5 years are the head of the sales department.

If you have no experience in any duties, write about your theoretical knowledge, for example:

Knowledge of the basics of negotiation # 8212; He took special courses.

What knowledge and competencies are important for an employer

An example of a vacancy for a managerial position:

Your key skills and abilities must imperceptibly repeat the requirements specified by the employer, starting from responsibilitiesto be performed. For example like this:

• Ability to organize and optimize the work process.
• Knowledge and ability to work with # 171; any # 187; types of documentation.
• Investment capital management skill.
• Skills of creating a flow of customers in new industries of enterprises.

In fact, all that needs to be done is to fill in column # 8212; this is to paraphrase the employer, of course taking into account their own abilities.

Correspondence of knowledge to the desired position

Skills and abilities for leaders (leadership)

• Ability to allocate your time (time management).
• Personnel selection and management skills.
• Business communication skills.
• Negotiation skills.
• Strategic planning skill.
• Salesmanship.
• Ability to organize the workflow.
• Staff motivation skills.

Skills and skills for sellers (communicative)

• Ability to persuade.
• Skills of direct, telephone sales.
• Effective communication skills.
• Teamwork skills.
• Objection handling skills.
• Ability to write commercial proposals.

Skills and abilities for specialists (technical)

Knowledge of this area is purely individual for different professions, indicate skills based on experience and requirements in the vacancy, but there are several factors that unite technicians

• Ability to complete work.
• Skills in working with the necessary equipment.
• Knowledge of the required programs.
• Data processing skills.

Skills and skills for lawyers (law, document flow)

• Skills of working with documentation.
• Ability to solve complex problems.
• Skills of working with regulatory authorities.
• Knowledge of the legal framework.
• Ability to defend a position.

Other skills and abilities

• Ability to keep a budget;
• booze skills. accounting;
• commercial writing skills;
• customer base management skills;
• planning skills;
• analytical skills;
• certification skills;
• design skills;
• programming skills;
• skills in working with office equipment;
• skills in work with document flow;
• skills in drafting contracts, tax returns, claims, complaints;
• skills in conducting promotional events, banquets;
• equipment diagnostics skills;
• system monitoring skills;
• the skill of organizing work processes;
• skills to work with a large amount of information;
• the ability to set priorities;
• skills in working with electronic databases;
• computer skills;
• communication skills;
• ability to work in various fields of activity;
• multitasking skill;
• ability to adapt;
• ability to work with suppliers, purchases, goods;
• knowledge of inventory.

Skills and skills for a resume, a real example

In these examples, it can be seen that each competence is proven by other facts from work experience, so the employer will not have doubts about the reliability of the information. If you indicate that you know how to work with document flow, write this:

Ability to work with document flow (Experience in filing primary documentation, drafting contracts, reconciling tax returns, etc.)

What to write if there is no experience

• Practice and theoretical knowledge.
• Part-time jobs in similar areas, sales areas.
• Ability to use modern and innovative methods.
• The speed of processing and assimilation of information.
• Possession of similar skills.

And you should always pay attention to the stated requirements for the vacancy, only a high-quality approach to writing a resume will help you get through to an interview without experience.

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Correct design of key resume skills

Professional skill is acquired through experience. In the resume drawn up for the desired job, your personal, labor qualities, they are also called competencies, must be indicated objectively, concisely, clearly.

What are Key Skills

The key is the main, convincing, weighty argument. Key competencies can be defined:

How to find out what an employer wants

The main points when writing a resume should be:

• the reality of the specified information;
• relevance of the applicant's competencies to the type of activity of the organization.

Often, companies select employees based on the "three pillars":

• the candidate must be successful;
• be able to make decisions;
• work in a team.

• type of activity of the company;
• its position in the market;
• states of success.

The resume should reflect the responses to requests made in the job posting.

How key skills differ from the personal qualities of the applicant

The efficiency of an employee's work depends not only on the acquired theoretical knowledge, practical experience, but also on his psychophysiological abilities to perform the assigned tasks.

Therefore, when writing a resume, you should correctly separate professional merits from personal characteristics:

For example, when it comes to the profession of an accountant. For him, “I work efficiently and efficiently with reporting” is a key competence, and “scrupulous, I have an analytical mindset” is a personal parameter.

CV: graph Professional skills and abilities

The column "Professional skills and ability" is considered one of the most important in the document. Therefore, it is worth paying attention to the following when compiling it:

This clause describes:

• a short list of skills, from 4 to 6 positions;
• professional merit.

It is necessary not to forget about the compliance of the list with the requirements of the employer.

key skills

Key skills are formed depending on the position, the functions performed, the most in demand now aimed at managerial features or performance, for example:

Examples of other special skills

A candidate who has:

• critical thinking;
• ingenuity;
• the ability to make risky decisions;
• adaptive competence;
• integrative (prioritization), conceptual (solid) abilities;
• interpersonal communicative competence.

Examples of professional skills for different professions

Possession of software products of certain language levels is necessary for almost all professions.

There is no standard set of core competencies, but the following can be distinguished:

A very common mistake

Professional competencies arise due to the personal inclinations of a person. But the most common mistake when writing a resume is when the applicant does not share these concepts, and the key skills column describes personal qualities.

Also, often, trying to compensate for the lack of key skills or achievements, the candidate describes himself as a superhuman:

• initiative;
• highly intelligent;
• communicable;
• stress-resistant.

These phrases can be easily replaced with two sentences, for example, such a plan:

• “I'm not afraid to start difficult cases, I bring them to a successful completion”;
• “Able to think analytically and strategically”;
• "I regularly attend seminars, I have subscribed to the mailing list of a specialized Internet site."

What key skills to indicate if there is no work experience

How to describe the key moments, labor achievements of young specialists after graduating from educational institutions or with an insufficient level of knowledge? It is worth trying to specify the following:

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Interpreter